. Fashion is the imitation of a given example and satisfies the demand for social adaptation.... The...

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Fashion is the imitation of a given example and satisfies the demand for social adaptation.... The more an article becomes subject to rapid changes of fashion, the greater the demand for cheap products of its kind. -Georg Simmel, "Fashion" (1904) Inditex (Industria de Diseño Textil) of Spain, the owner of Zara and five other apparel retailing chains, continued a trajectory of rapid, profitable growth by posting net income of €340 million on revenues of €3,250 million in its fiscal year 2001 (ending January 31, 2002). Inditex had had a heavily oversubscribed Initial Public Offering in May 2001. Over the next 12 months, its stock price increased by nearly 50%-despite bearish stock market conditions-to push its market valuation to €13.4 billion. The high stock price made Inditex's founder, Amancio Ortega, who had begun to work in the apparel trade as an errand boy half a century earlier, Spain's richest man. However, it also implied a significant growth challenge. Based on one set of calculations, for example, 76% of the equity value implicit in Inditex's stock price was based on expectations of future growth-higher than an estimated 69% for Wal-Mart or, for that matter, other high-performing retailers. The next section of this case briefly describes the structure of the global apparel chain, from producers to final customers. The section that follows profiles three of Inditex's leading international competitors in apparel retailing: The Gap (U.S.), Hennes & Mauritz (Sweden), and Benetton (Italy), The rest of the case focuses on Inditex, particularly the business system and international expansion ulte Fashion is the imitation of a given example and satisfies the demand for social adaptation.... The more an article becomes subject to rapid changes of fashion, the greater the demand for cheap products of its kind. -Georg Simmel, "Fashion" (1904) Inditex (Industria de Diseño Textil) of Spain, the owner of Zara and five other apparel retailing chains, continued a trajectory of rapid, profitable growth by posting net income of €340 million on revenues of €3,250 million in its fiscal year 2001 (ending January 31, 2002). Inditex had had a heavily oversubscribed Initial Public Offering in May 2001. Over the next 12 months, its stock price increased by nearly 50%-despite bearish stock market conditions-to push its market valuation to €13.4 billion. The high stock price made Inditex's founder, Amancio Ortega, who had begun to work in the apparel trade as an errand boy half a century earlier, Spain's richest man. However, it also implied a significant growth challenge. Based on one set of calculations, for example, 76% of the equity value implicit in Inditex's stock price was based on expectations of future growth-higher than an estimated 69% for Wal-Mart or, for that matter, other high-performing retailers. The next section of this case briefly describes the structure of the global apparel chain, from producers to final customers. The section that follows profiles three of Inditex's leading international competitors in apparel retailing: The Gap (U.S.), Hennes & Mauritz (Sweden), and Benetton (Italy), The rest of the case focuses on Inditex, particularly the business system and international expansion ulte

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