Zinga works as a software engineer with Logitech Industries. Whenever she meets with her fee$-$based financial planner, Ivan, he asks her explicit questions about the company and her current projects. On one occasion, Zinga told Ivan about a memo that discussed the possible acquisition of Logitech by Microsoft. If Ivan purchases shares in Logitech, he is in violation of the Principle of Confidentiality because:

O a$)$ he failed to disclose the information to other members of his practice.

$$ b$)$ he benefited personally from Zinga's information.

$$ c$)$ he should have told his broker where he received the stock tip.

$$ d$)$ he pressured Zinga into revealing this information.