Determine the amount of the 2019 standard deduction allowed in the following independent situations. In each case, assume that the taxpayer is claimed as another person’s dependent.

a. Curtis, age 18, reports income as follows: $700 interest from a certificate of deposit and $12,400 from repairing cars.

b. Mattie, age 18, records income as follows: $600 cash dividends from a stock investment and $4,700 from handling a newspaper route.

c. Mel, age 16, incurs income as follows: $675 interest on a bank savings account and $800 for painting a neighbor’s fence.

d. Lucy, age 15, reports income as follows: $400 cash dividends from a stock investment and $500 from grooming pets.

e. Sarah, age 67 and a widow, incurs income as follows: $500 from a bank savings account and $3,200 from babysitting.