Pierre, a cash basis, unmarried taxpayer, had $ 1.400 of state income tax withheld during 2018. Also in 2018, Pierre paid $455 that was due when he filed his 2017 state income tax return and made estimated payments of $975 toward his 2018 state income tax liability. When Pierre files his 2018 Federal income tax return in April 2019, he elects to itemize deductions, which amount to $15,650, including die state income tax payments and with holdings, all of which reduce his taxable income.
a. What is Pierre's 2018 state income tax deduction?
b. As a result of overpaying his 2018 state income tax, Pierre receives a refund of $630 early in 2019. The standard deduction for single taxpayers for 2018 was $12,000. How much of the $630 will Pierre include in his 2019 gross income?