For (a)–(c), is it a null hypothesis, or an alternative hypothesis?

(a) In India, the proportion of teenagers who watch horror movies equals 0.45.

(b) The proportion of all Indian school students with access to the Internet is now more than 0.30 (the value it was 5 years ago).

(c) The mean IQ of newly recruited workers at ABC Inc.

is less than 100.

(d) Introducing notation for a parameter, state the hypotheses in (a)–

(c) in terms of the parameter values.