If the sample results (or more extreme results) can easily occur when the assumption (null hypothesis) is true, we attribute the relatively small discrepancy between the assumption and the sample results to chance.

● If the sample results (or more extreme results) cannot easily occur when the assumption (null hypothesis) is true, we explain the relatively large discrepancy between the assumption and the sample results by concluding that the assumption is not true, so we reject the assumption.

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