In a cross-tabulation in chapter 3’s Problem 5, we saw that the importance of gun ownership to gun owners’ identity is related to whether gun owners support women’s rights. See Table 13.14 as a reminder of the relationship.

A statistics student wondered what would happen to the relationship between the two variables once gender was held constant. She accessed the data from the Pew Research Center and produced the cross-tabulations shown in Table 13.15.

a. What is the research question addressed by the original cross-tabulation in Table 13.14?

b. What is the research question addressed by the student’s analysis of the data, shown in Table 13.15?

c. Identify the independent variable, dependent variable, and control variable in Table 13.15.

d. Describe the relationship between importance of gun ownership to one’s identity and supporting women’s rights among women. Describe the relationship among men.

e. Compare the results of the original cross-tabulation to the student’s follow-
up cross-tabulations. Is there evidence of a spurious relationship between importance of gun ownership to one’s identity and whether they support women’s rights? Explain your answer.

Table 13.14 Cross-Tabulation of Importance of Gun Ownership to Identity and Supporting Women's Rights (Percentages) Importance of Gun Ownership to Identity "Supporter of Women's Rights" Describes Not at All Not Too Important Important Somewhat Very Important Important Total Respondent: Extremely well 75.36 63.98 54.48 59.79 64.15 Somewhat well 17.19 28.91 36.19 28.32 27.17 Not at all well 7.45 7.11 9.33 11.89 8.68 Total 100 100 100 100 100