Despite the insight provided by Ostrom's design principles for the sustainable management of common resources, tragedies of the commons continue to occur. One prominent example is the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. On the basis of the eight principles in Table 22.2.

Table 22.2:

Discuss which principles are being violated in managing the global atmospheric commons.

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Table 22.2 Ostrom's design principles for sustainable management of the commons. Reproduced with permission from [4]. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Clearly defined boundaries Individuals or households who have rights to withdraw resource units from the CPR must be clearly defined, as must the boundaries of the CPR itself. Congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions Appropriation rules restricting time, place, technology, and/or quantity of resource units are related to local conditions and to provision rules requiring labor, material, and/or money. Collective choice arrangements Most individuals affected by the operational rules can participate in modifying the operational rules. Monitoring Monitors, who actively audit CPR conditions and appropriator behavior, are accountable to the appropriators or are the appropriators. Graduated sanctions Appropriators who violate operational rules are likely to be assessed for graduated sanctions (depending on the seriousness and context of the offense) by other appropriators, by officials accountable to these appropriators, or by both. Conflict-resolution mechanisms Appropriators and their officials have rapid access to low-cost local arenas to resolve conflicts among appropriators or between appropriators and officials. Minimal recognition of rights to organize The rights of appropriators to devise their own institutions are not challenged by external government authorities. For CPRS that are parts of larger systems Nested enterprises Appropriation, provision, monitoring, enforcement, conflict resolution, and governance activities are organized in multiple layers of nested enterprises.