The Mediterranean shrub Thymelaea hirsute has five sexual types, the most curious of which is “gender labile.” Such individuals change their predominant sex from year to year. Ramadan et al. (1994) found 13 gender-labile individuals in a sample of 68 shrubs from a single habitat in Egypt.

a. What probability distribution would we use to calculate the probability of a specific number of gender-labile individuals in a sample of size 68?

b. Write the formula for the likelihood of p, given the data. What does this likelihood measure?

c. What are your assumptions in part (b)?

d. Write the formula for the log-likelihood of p.

e. Calculate the log-likelihood of the value p=0.40, given the data.