Which of the following types of technological change in health care are likely to be cost increasing:

(a) threats of malpractice suits that cause physicians to order more diagnostic tests on average for a given set of patient symptoms;

(b) a new computer-assisted scanning device that enables physicians to take much more detailed pictures of the brain;

(c) the introduction of penicillin earlier in this century;

(d) greater emphasis on preventive care? Discuss.