The Iron Age began around 1200 BCE, more than 2000 years after the first appearance of bronze

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The Iron Age began around 1200 BCE, more than 2000 years after the first appearance of bronze in human history. It may come as a surprise, therefore, that the reaction Fe2O3 +3CO → 2Fe +3CO2 is exothermic (ΔHr = -25 kJ/mol) and has negative reaction free energy (ΔGr = -29 kJ/mol) at NTP. So hematite can be quite easily reduced to iron by the CO produced in a hot, oxygen starved fire. Why, then, was iron not discovered earlier?

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The Physics of Energy

ISBN: 978-1107016651

1st edition

Authors: Robert L. Jaffe, Washington Taylor

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