The following are eight technical accounting terms introduced or emphasized in this chapter:
Activity-based management
Just-in-time manufacturing system
Life-cycle costing
Non-value-added activity
Total quality management
Target costing
Value-added activity
Value engineering

Each of the following statements may (or may not) describe one of these terms. For each statement, indicate the accounting term described, or answer “none” if the statement does not correctly describe any of these terms.
a. Can be eliminated without changing a product’s desirability in the eyes of consumers.
b. The focus of this costing method is to assign manufacturing costs to final products.
c. The process of determining the least costly combination of resources needed to create a product desired by customers.
d. This method considers all costs borne by the consumer from purchase to disposal of a product.
e. If eliminated, the product’s desirability to consumers is decreased.
f. The process of using activity-based costs to help reduce and eliminate non-value-added activities.
g. A method in which a product’s selling price is determined by adding a fixed amount to the product’s current production cost.
h. An approach that explicitly monitors quality costs and rewards quality-enhancing behavior.
i. An important aspect of this method is the reduction of unnecessary inventories.