Using the sample program results in Figure 5.33:
a. How many levels of cache are there?
b. What are the overall size and block size of the first-level cache?
c. What is the miss penalty of the first-level cache?
d. What is the associativity of the first-level cache?
e. What effects can you see when the size of the data used in the array is equal to the size of the second-level cache?

Figure 5.32 C program for evaluating memory systems.

Figure 5.33 Sample results from program in Figure 5.32.

#include "stdatx.h" #1 nclude #include #define ARRAY MIN (1024) /* 1/4 smallest cache * #define ARRAY-MAX (4096*4096)/* 1/4 largest cache */ int x[ARRAY MAX]; /* array going to stride through */ double get seconds/ routine to read time in seconds */ time64 t 1time time64<ime return (double) 1time; int label (int )/generate text labels if (icle3) printf("%18,",i); else if (le6) printf (1dK1/1024) else if le9) printf(1dM,i/1048576); else printf(1,",i/1073741824); return 0 int tmain int argc, TCHAR argv 0) int register nextstep, i, index, stride; int csize double steps, tsteps; double loadtime lastsec, seco, secl, sec; /* timing variables */ /Initialize output/ rintf(,"); or (stride, stride ARRAY MAX/2; stride=stride*2) label (stride sizeof int)); printf("n") * Main loop for each configuration * for (csize-ARRAY MIN; csizee ARRAY X csize-csize*2) [ label (csize sizeof (int); /* print cache size this loop / for (stride- stride csize/2; stride-stride*2) t /Lay out path of memory references in array * or index-0; index < csize index-index+stride x(index] = index + stride; /* pointer to next */ x[index-stride] 0; /* loop back to begning * Wait for timer to roll over/ astsec = get seconds(); do seco get seconds while (sec lastsec); /* Walk through path in array for twenty seconds / * This gives 5% accuracy with second resolution * steps 0.0; /number of steps taken */ nextstep 0 start at beginning of path seco get seconds 0 start timer* do /repeat until collect 20 seconds */ for (i-stride;i1-0-1-1) / keep samples same / nextstep0; do nextstepx [nextstep]: /* dependency while (nextstep 0); steps steps + 1.0; /* count loop iterations */ ec get seconds; / end timer/ ) while ((secI sec020.0) / collect 20 seconds / sec seci - sec0; Repeat empty loop to loop subtract overhead/ steps 0.0used to match no. while iterations/ dec ge eacont? same start iterations as ave do /*repeat until same no. iterations as above/ for (istride;il 0;--1) keep samples same/ index- 0 do indexindex stride while index < csize); tsteps = tsteps + 1.0; sec get seconds ); /* overhead/ } while (tsteps-steps); /* until no. iterations * sec sec (sec sec0 loadtime(sec e9)/(steps csize) / write out results in.csv format for Excel/ printf("%4.lf,", (loadtime