Vale S.A., a Brazilian mineral products company, provided the following note on a voluntary basis in its

Question:

Vale S.A., a Brazilian mineral products company, provided the following note on a voluntary basis in its 2009 annual report:
11€”Cash Generation (Unaudited)
Consolidated operating cash generation measured by EBITDA (earnings before financial results, equity in subsidiaries, income taxes, depreciation, amortization and depletion, increased by dividends received) was R$18,649 as of December 31, 2009, against R$35,022 as of December 31, 2008, representing a decrease of 46.8 percent.
EBITDA is not a BR measure and does not represent the expected cash flow for the reporting periods, and therefore should not be considered as an alternative measure to net income (loss), as an indicator of operating performance or as an alternative to cash flow as a liquidity source.
Vale's definition of EBITDA may not be comparable with EBITDA as defined by other companies.

Required:
Provide a response to each of the following questions:
a. What does EBITDA measure?
b. Why do you think Vale included Note 11, Cash Generation, in its 2009 annual report?
c. Why might a financial analyst use EBITDA in evaluating a company's performance?
d. What limitations exist in using EBITDA to evaluate a company's performance?

GAAP
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is the accounting standard adopted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). While the SEC previously stated that it intends to move from U.S. GAAP to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the...