What are the consequences of denying back pay and other individual remedies to undocumented workers? Justice Breyer, dissenting from the majority opinion in Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB, writes that denying the NLRB the power to award back pay “… lowers the cost to the employer of an initial labor law violation … It thereby increases the employer’s incentive to find and to hire illegal-alien employees.” Does denying remedies to undocumented workers reinforce or undermine national immigration policies?