When fleeing a predator, the minnow Fundulus notti will often head for shore and jump onto the bank. In a study of spatial orientation in this fish, individuals were caught at various locations and later tested in an artificial pool to see which direction they would choose when released: Would they swim in a direction which, at their place of capture, would have led toward shore? The following are the directional choices (± 45°) of 50 fish tested under cloudy skies46:

Use chi-square tests at α = 0.05 to test the hypothesis that directional choice under cloudy skies is random,
(a) using the four categories listed in the table.
(b) collapsing to two categories-"toward shore" and "away from or along shore"-and using a directional HA.

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Toward shore Away from shore Along shore to the right 13 Along shore to the left7 18 12