Which method would you choose if you wanted to prepare cyclohexyl benzoate-Fischer esterification or reaction of an acid chloride with an alcohol? Explain.
Coronafacic acid, a bacterial toxin, was synthesized using a key step that involves three sequential pericyclic reactions. Identify them, and propose a mechanism for the overall transformation. I low...
Reaction of benzanilide (C6H5NHCC6H5) with chlorine in acetic acid yields a mixture of two monochloro derivatives formed by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Suggest reasonable structures for...
Dicarboxylic acids have two dissociation constants, one for the initial dissociation into a monoanion and one for the second dissociation into a dianion. For oxalic acid, HO2CCO2H, the first...
A sample of 2-methyl-1-butanol has a specific rotation, equal to +1.151. (a) What is the percent enantiomeric excess of the sample? (b) Which enantiomer is in excess, the (R) or the (S)?
Because of its importance in atmospheric chemistry, the thermal decomposition of nitric oxide, 2 NO (g) -7 N,(g) + O,(g), has been amongst the most thoroughly studied of gas-phase reactions. The...
Write equations showing how you could prepare each of the following from benzene or toluene and any necessary organic or inorganic reagents. If an ortho, para mixture is formed in any step of your...
Calculate the ionic strength of a solution that is 0.040 mol kg-I in K3 [Fe (CN) 6J (aq), 0.030 mol kg-1 in KCI (aq), and 0.050 mol kg3 in NaBr (aq).
A 1.0-L solution that is 4.2 M in ammonia is mixed with 26.7 g of ammonium chloride. a. What is the hydroxide-ion concentration of this solution? b. 0.075 mol of MgCl2 is added to the above solution....
The equilibrium pressure ofH2 over U(s) and UH3(s) between 450 K and 715 K fits the expression in (p/Pa) =A + B/T + C ln (T/K), with A = 69.32, B = -1.464 X 104K, and C = -5.65. Find an expression...
Predict the major product (or products) formed when each of the following reacts with Cl2 and FeCl3: (a) Ethylbenzene (b) Anisole (methoxybenzene) (c) Fluorobenzene (d) Benzoic acid (e) Nitrobenzene...
The following data have been obtained for the liquid-vapour equilibrium compositions of mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen at 100 kPa. T/K 77.3 78 80 82 84 86 88 90.2 X (O2) 0 10 34 54 70 82 92 100...
The following structure represents a tetrahedral alkoxide-ion intermediate formed by addition of a nucleophile to a carboxylic acid derivative. Identify the nucleophile, the leaving group, the...
How many stereoisomers are possible for each of the following structures? Draw them, and name each by the R-S and E-Z conventions. a. 2,5-dichloro-3-hexene b. 2-chloro-5-fluoro-3-hexene c....
In an experiment to measure the quantum efficiency of a photochemical reaction, the absorbing substance was exposed to 320 nm radiation from an 87.5 W source for 28.0 min. The intensity of the...
Assuming that the rate-determining step in the reaction of cyclohexanol with hydrogen bromide to give cyclohexyl bromide is unimolecular, write an equation for this step. Use curved arrows to show...
In a study of the reaction 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) at 1200 K, it was observed that when the equilibrium partial pressure of water vapor is 15.0 torr, the total pressure at equilibrium is...
Give common and systematic names for each of the following compounds: a. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 b. CH3CH2CH2NHCH2CH2CH2CH3 c. d. e. CHCHCH2NHCHCH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH CH2CH2NCH2CH3 CH2CH3 NH2
Excluding compounds that contain methyl or ethyl groups, write structural formulas for all the bicyclic isomers of (a) C5H8 and (b) C6H10.
Two mass spectra are shown in figure. One spectrum is that of 2-methyl-2-pentene; the other is of 2-hexene. Which is whichexplain? (a) 60 40 20 0. 20 60 80 120 140 10 40 100 m/z (b) 100 80 60 - 10 20...
Determine the commutators of the operators a and at, where a = (x+ ip)/2l/2 and at = (x- ip)/21/2.
Barium azide is 62.04% Ba and 37.96% N. Each azide ion has a net charge of 1-. (a) Determine the chemical formula of the azide ion. (b) Write three resonance structures for the azide ion. (c) Which...
A nitrogen molecule is confined in a cubic box of volume 1.00 m3. Assuming that the molecule has an energy equal to kT at T = 300 K, what is the value of n = (n~ + nJ + 11 ;) 112for this molecule?...
A chemist wants to prepare phosgene, COCl2, by the following reaction: He places 4.00 g of chlorine, Cl2, and an equal molar amount of carbon monoxide, CO, into a 10.00-L reaction vessel at 395oC....
Assuming that the rate-determining step in the reaction of 1-hexanol with hydrogen bromide to give 1-bromohexane is an attack by a nucleophile on an alkyloxonium ion; write an equation for this step....
Acid-catalyzed dehydration of 3-hydroxy-3-phenylcyclohexanone leads to an unsaturated ketone. What possible structures are there for the product? At what position in the IR spectrum would you expect...
Part 1: Consider the four identical spheres below, each with a mass of 2.00 g. Calculate the average mass of a sphere in this sample. Part 2: Now consider a sample that consists of four spheres, each...
Give a correct name for a. (CH3)2CHCH2OCH2CH3 b. c. O- CH2CH2CH,
Base-promoted hydrolysis of methyl mesitoate occurs through an attack on the alcohol carbon instead of the acyl carbon: (a) Can you suggest a reason that accounts for this unusual behavior? (b)...
6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one is a constituent of lemongrass oil. How could you synthesize this substance from methyl4-oxopentanoate? CH3CH2CH2OCH3 Methyl 4-oxopentanoate
How flow might you convert geraniol into either ethyl geranylacetate orgeranylacetone? CO2E Ethyl geranylacetate CH2OH Geraniol Geranylacetone
Derive the integrated form of a third-order rate law v = k[A f [B] in which the stoichiometry is 2 A + B ( P and the reactants are initially present in (a) Their stoichiometric proportions, (b) With...
A compound (C6H10) contains a five-membered ring. When Br2 adds to it, two diastereomeric dibromides are formed. Suggest reasonable structures for the compound and the two dibromides.
Explicit expressions for hydrogenic orbitals are given in Tables 10.1 and 9.3. (a) Verify both that the 3px orbital is normalized (to I) and that 3px and 3dxy are mutually orthogonal. (b) Determine...
A bacterial culture isolated from sewage produced 35.5 mL of methane, CH4, at 31oC and 753 mmHg. What is the volume of this methane at standard temperature and pressure (0oC, 760 mmHg)?
A laser used to read CDs emits red light of wavelength 700 nm. How many photons does it emit each second if its power is? (a) 0.10 W, (b) LOW?
Which compound in each of the following pairs would you expect to have the greater dipole moment ? Why? (a) NaCl or HCl (e) CHCl3 or CCl3F (b) HF or HClB (f) CH3NH2 or CH3OH (c) HF or BF3 (g) CH3NH2...
1-Bromobicyclo [2.2.1] heptane is extremely unreactive in either SN2 or SN1 reactions. Provide explanations for this behavior.
What combinations of carbonyl compound and ylide could you use to prepare each of the following alkenes?
A certain sample of uranium is reacted with fluorine to form a mixture of 235 UF6(g) and 238 UF 6 (g). After 100 diffusion steps, the gas contains 1526 235 UF 6 molecules per 1.000 10 5 total number...
Two compounds have the same composition: 85.62% C and 14.38% H. a. Obtain the empirical formula corresponding to this composition. b. One of the compounds has a molecular mass of 28.03 amu; the...
What is the electron configuration of C+? Of C? Does either one of these ions have a noble gas (closed-shell) electron configuration?
Predict the product from reaction of the following substance with: (a) NaBH4 then H3O+ (b) LiAlH4 then H3O+ (c) CH3CH2 MgBr; then H3O+
Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere weathers, or dissolves, limestone (CaCO3) by the reaction CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l ) CA2+(aq) + 2HCO3(aq) Obtain Ho for this reaction. See Table 6.2 for the data.
The fluorescence spectrum of anthracene vapour shows a series of peaks of increasing intensity with individual maxima at 440 nm, 410 nm, 390 nm, and 370 nm followed by a sharp cut-off at shorter...
Confirm that the spherical harmonics (a) Yo,o' (b) Y2-1 and (c) Y3+3 satisfy the Schrdinger equation for a particle free to rotate in three dimensions, and find its energy and angular momentum in...
What fraction of the enthalpy of vaporization of ethanol is spent on expanding its vapour?
(a) Using average bond enthalpies, predict which of the following reactions will be most exothermic: (i) C(g) + 2 F2 (g) CF4 (g) (ii) CO (g) + 3F2 CF4 (g) + OF2 (g) (iii) CO2 (g) + 4F2 CF4 (g) +...
Explain the trends in solubility (grams per 100 mL of water) of the alkali-metal fluorides and permanganates. Li+ Na+ 0.27 4.2 K+Rb+ Cs+ 92 131 367 FT Mno4 71Very soluble 6 0.5 0.097
(a) At present, butanal is prepared industrially by hydroformylation of propene (Section 17.4). Write a chemical equation for this industrial synthesis. (b) Before about 1970, the principal...
The amount of energy required to spin-flip a nucleus depends both on the strength of the external magnetic field and on the nucleus. At a field strength of 4.7 1 rf energy of 200 MHz is required to...
All the following reactions have been reported in the chemical literature. Give the structure of the principal organic product in each case.
A vessel of volume 22.4 dm ' contains 1.5 mol H2 and 2.5 mol N2 at 273.15 K. Calculate (a) The mole fractions of each component, (b) Their partial pressures, and (c) Their total pressure.
The reaction of N-bromosuccinimide with the following compounds has been reported in the chemical literature. Each compound yields a single product in 95% yield. Identify the product formed from each...
In a photochemical reaction A -7 B + C, the quantum efficiency with 500 nm light is 1.2 x 102 mol einstein-1, After exposure of 200 mmol A to the light, 1.77 mmol B is formed. How many photons were...
A stream flows at a rate of 5.00 10 4 liters per second (L/ s) upstream of a manufacturing plant. The plant dis-charges 3.50 10 3 L/ s of water that contains 65.0 ppm HCl into the stream. a....
One mole of an ideal gas is contained in a cylinder with a movable piston. The temperature is constant at 77oC. Weights are removed suddenly from the piston to give the following sequence of three...
An sp2 hybrid orbital that lies in the xy-plane and makes an angle of 1200 to the x-axis has the form Use hydrogenic atomic orbitals to write the explicit form of the hybrid orbital. Show that it has...
Draw or construct a molecular model of the most stable conformation of 1-tert-butyl-1-methylcyclohexane.
1. Dell Inc. is a leading technology company that offers a broad range of product categories, including mobility products, desktop PCs, software and peripherals, servers and networking, and storage....
3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid (mixture of E and Z isomers) has been identified as the substance responsible for the odor of human sweat. Synthesize the compound from starting materials having five or...
Trichloromethane (CHCl3, also called chloroform) has a larger dipole moment than CFCl3. Use three-dimensional structures and bond moments to explain this fact.
Compound A (C10H15N) is soluble in dilute HCl. The IR absorption spectrum shows two bands in the 3300-3500-cm-1 region. The broadband proton-decoupled 13C spectrum of A is given in Fig. 20.8. Propose...
Fill in the missing reagents a?h in the following scheme: CO2Et CH3 CO2Et 2. f 1. c 2. d 1. a 2. b 1. g 1. e 2. h CO2Et
The first five vibrational energy levels of HI are at 1144.83, 3374.90, 5525.51, 7596.66, and 9588.35 cm-1 Calculate the dissociation energy of the molecule in reciprocal centimeters and electron...
From the ionic radii given in Figure 7.7, calculate the potential energy of a Ca2+ and O2- ion pair that is just touching (the magnitude of the electronic charge is given on the back inside cover)....
When (R)-(+)-2-phenyl-2-butanol is allowed to stand in methanol containing a few drops of sulfuric acid; racemic 2-methoxy-2-phenylbutane is formed. Suggest a reasonable mechanism for this reaction.
Carbon disulfide is a colorless liquid. When pure, it is nearly odorless, but the commercial product smells vile. Carbon disulfide is used in the manufacture of rayon and cellophane. The liquid burns...
Pyridoxal phosphate, a close relative of vitamin B6, is involved in a large number of metabolic reactions. Tell the hydribization, and predict the bond angles for each non-terminalatom. . Pyridoxal...
Addition of hydrogen chloride to 3, 3-dimethyl-1-butene gives a mixture of two isomeric chlorides in approximately equal amounts. Suggest reasonable structures for these two compounds, and offer a...
Identify the reagents a?f in the following scheme: .Br CH-
(a) Isoleucine has been prepared by the following sequence of reactions. Give the structure of compounds A through D isolated as intermediates in this synthesis. (b) An analogous procedure has been...
Demonstrate that the Planck distribution reduces to the Rayleigh-Jeans law at long wavelengths.
A person exhales about 5.8 102 L of carbon dioxide per day (at STP). The carbon dioxide exhaled by an astronaut is absorbed from the air of a space capsule by reaction with lithium hydroxide, LiOH....
(a) On being heated with potassium ethoxide in ethanol (70C), the deuterium-labeled alkyl bromide shown gave a mixture of 1-butene, cis-2-butene, and trans-2-butene. On the basis of your knowledge of...
Evaluate T for a Dieterici gas (Table 1.7). Justify physically the form of the expression obtained.
A compound was obtained from a natural product and had the molecular formula C14H20O3. It contained three methoxy (OCH3) groups and a CH2CHoeC (CH3)2 substituent. Oxidation with either chromic acid...
Treatment of 3, 4-dibromohexane with strong base leads to loss of 2 equivalents of HBr and formation of a product with formula C6H10. Three products are possible. Name each of the three, and tell how...
Calculate the mass of the deuteron given that the first line in the Lyman series of H lies at 82259.098 cm-1 whereas that of D lies at 82 281.476 cm-1 Calculate the ratio of the ionization energies...
At 18C the total volume V of a solution formed from MgS04 and 1.000 kg of water fits the expression v = 1001.21 + 34.69(x - 0.070)2, where v = V/cm3 and x = blb-1. Calculate the partial molar volumes...
Answer Problem2 .37 for reaction of the listed reagents with methyl propanoate.
Write chemical equations, showing all necessary reagents, for the preparation of 1-butanol by each of the following methods: (a) Hydroborationoxidation of an alkene (b) Use of a Grignard reagent (c)...
A 10.0-g sample of white phosphorus was burned in an excess of oxygen. The product was dissolved in enough water to make 500 mL of solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at 25C.
Quartz Corporation sold a $ 50 million, 7 percent bond issue on January 1, 2015. The bonds pay interest each December 31 and mature 10 years from January 1, 2015. For comparative study and analysis,...
What is the most acidic neutral molecule characterized by the formula C3HxO2?
The solubility of magnesium fluoride, MgF2, in water is 0.016 g/L. What is the solubility (in grams per liter) of magnesium fluoride in 0.020 M sodium fluoride, NaF?
Sketch the molecular orbital energy level diagrams for BrCI and deduce its ground-state electron configurations. Is BrCl likely to have a shorter bond length than BrCl-?
The light-initiated reaction of 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) gives two products: (a) Give a mechanism for this reaction, showing how the two products arise as a consequence of...
On standing in dilute aqueous acid, compound A is smoothly converted to mevalonolactone.
Draw the formula of an unsaturated bromide, C5H9Br, that can show a. Neither cis-trans isomerism nor optical activity b. Cis-trans isomerism but no optical activity c. No cis-trans isomerism but...
Compound A, C5H10O, is one of the basic building blocks of nature. All steroids and many other naturally occurring compounds are built from compound A. Spectroscopic analysis of A yields the...
Addition of phenylmagnesium bromide to 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone gives two isomeric tertiary alcohols as products. Both alcohols yield the same alkene when subjected to acid-catalyzed dehydration....
Among the ways in which 1, 4-dioxane may be prepared are the methods expressed in the equations shown:
Unknown Y has a molecular formula of C3H6O2. It contains one functional group that absorbs infrared radiation in the 3200-3550-cm-1 region (when studied as a pure liquid; i.e., "neat"), and it has no...
(a) Write the structures or build molecular models of all the isomeric alkyl bromides having the molecular formula C5H11Br. (b) Which one undergoes E1 elimination at the fastest rate? (c) Which one...
A certain metal M forms a bromide containing 53.79 percent Br by mass. What is the chemical formula of the compound?
Deduce an expression for the time it takes for the concentration of a substance to fall to one-third its initial value in an nrh-order reaction.
Describe the separation of variables procedure as it is applied to simplify the description of a hydrogenic atom free to move through space.
Show that two phases are in thermal equilibrium only if their temperatures are the same.
An atomic beam is designed to function with (a) Cadmium, (b) Mercury. The source is an oven maintained at 380 K, there being a small slit of dimensions 1.0 cm x 1.0 x 10-3 cm. The vapour pressure of...