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physics
thermodynamics

Questions and Answers of Thermodynamics

Ice cubes at 20°F, each occupying a volume of 0.4 in3, are added to an insulated container holding one quart of water at 70°F. Estimate the equilibrium temperature, or the mass of ice that melts,
A block of aluminum at 100°F is brought into contact with a 40-lbm block of copper at 200°F in an insulated container. What is the final equilibrium temperature if the mass of the aluminum block
One hundred kilograms of water are held in a rigid tank at 15°C. Determine the final temperature of the water if a) 3000 kJ, b) 5000 kJ, or c) 8000 kJ of heat are added to the tank.
A 10-m3 -rigid tank contains R134a at 200 kPa and 20°C. Heat is added to this tank until the pressure reaches 300 kPa. How much heat has been added? What is the final temperature of the refrigerant?
A 10-m3 -rigid tank contains 50 kg of nitrogen at 20°C. A fan inside the tank does 2500 kJ of work on the nitrogen. During this process, 1500 kJ of heat are lost from the system. What are the
A rigid container is separated into two parts by a partition, as shown in Fig. 3.45. The container is insulated so that no heat can be transferred in or out. If the partition is suddenly removed,
The container of Fig. 3.45 is separated into two parts by a partition. The container is insulated so that no heat can be transferred in or out. If the partition is suddenly removed, determine the
Two kilograms of saturated liquid water are heated at constant pressure until the temperature and pressure are 400°C and 2 MPa. The work is nearest: (A) 700 kJ (B) 650 kJ (C) 600 kJ (D) 550 kJ
The steam in the circular cylinder of Fig. 3.46 has an initial quality of 10%. Heat is added until the temperature of the steam reaches 500°C. The frictionless piston rises 50 mm before it hits
A spring with constant K = 500 kN/m just touches the top of the circular piston of Fig. 3.46 (see Fig. 3.14 also). The cylinder contains steam initially at a quality of 40%. Estimate the distance the
A 0.04-m3 open pan of water at 20°C is sitting on the burner of a stove. How much heat is needed to completely vaporize the water?
A vertical frictionless piston-cylinder device contains 50 kg of steam at 200 kPa and 300°C. Determine the heat transfer and the work done during the process if the steam is cooled at constant
A frictionless piston maintains a constant pressure of 120 kPa as 0.6 kg of air is being heated in a cylinder. Estimate the work and the heat transfer required if the initial temperature of the air
Two kilograms of water with a quality of 50% and a pressure of 1000 kPa are contained in the cylinder of Fig. 3.47 by a frictionless piston. The water is heated at constant pressure until the
Three kilograms of superheated steam at 4 MPa and 600°C are compressed in a cylinder at constant pressure. Determine the heat transfer required and the work required by this process if the final
Air is contained in the cylinder of Fig. 3.48. The air is heated until the frictionless piston is raised 40 cm above the stops. At what temperature does the piston just leave the stops? Determine the
Four kilograms of solid copper at 200°C are immersed with 20 kg of water at 40°C in an insulated container. What is the final equilibrium temperature?
Calculate the heat transfer needed to heat 20 kg of argon from 10°C to 100°C i) At constant pressure ii) At constant volume. Assume constant specific heats.
Ten kilograms of nitrogen are compressed from 500 kPa in an isothermal process at 240° C. Calculate the heat transfer and the work if the final pressure is a) 1500 kPa, b) 2500 kPa, c) 4000 kPa.
Steam is compressed in a cylinder such that the temperature remains constant. The initial pressure, temperature, and volume are 400 kPa, 200°C, and 0.08 m3, respectively. If the final state has a
A mass of 0.02 kg of saturated water vapor is contained in the cylinder of Fig. 3.49. The spring with spring constant K = 60 kN/m just touches the top of the frictionless 160-kg piston. Heat is added
The paddle wheel in Fig. 3.50 requires 0.8 N ˆ™ m of torque to rotate at 200 rpm. If it rotates for 40 minutes, determine the final temperature of the 10 kg of nitrogen contained in the
If the paddle wheel is removed from the volume of Problem 3.73 and 4800 kJ of heat is added to the volume with a resistance heater, determine the final temperature of the nitrogen.Figure 3.50
Determine the heat transfer needed to increase the pressure of 2 kg of 50%-quality steam confined in a rigid container from 140 kPa to 1200 kPa. Also state the final temperature. a) Use the steam
Water at 400 kPa with a quality of 0.2 is heated in a rigid container until the temperature is 200°C. Calculate the final quality, the heat transfer, and the work done using a) The steam tables b)
Determine the heat transfer needed to increase the temperature of 2 kg of 50%-quality steam confined in a rigid container from 140°C to 1000°C. Also state the final pressure. a) Use the steam
A frictionless piston allows a constant pressure in a cylinder containing 4 kg of saturated water vapor originally at 180°C. If 4000 kJ of heat is added to the vapor, estimate the final
The paddle wheel in Fig. 3.51 requires 0.8 N ˆ™ m of torque to rotate at 200 rpm. If it rotates for 40 minutes, determine the final temperature of the 0.4 kg of nitrogen contained in the
Nitrogen at 100°C is compressed in the cylinder of Fig. 3.52 such that the temperature remains constant. If the pressure changes from 600 kPa to 1200 kPa, determine how much heat must be
Air at 200°C and 300 in3 expands in a cylinder such that the temperature remains constant. If the pressure changes from 400 psia to 50 psia, determine how much heat must be transferred to the air.
Air enters an insulated cylinder at 20°C and 100 kPa. It is compressed so that its volume decreases by a factor of 8. What is the final temperature? How much work is required to compress the 0.2 kg
Air at 200 kPa is compressed in the insulated cylinder of Fig. 3.53 with an initial volume of 4000 cm3. What is the work required if the final volume isa) 1000 cm3,b) 600 cm3,c) 400 cm3 ? Assume
Air is allowed to expand in a cylinder from 100 psia and 50°F to 14.7 psia. Calculate the change in specific volume and specific internal energy for this process if the process is a) Isothermal, b)
The air-fuel mixture enters an automobile engine cylinder at 120°C and 100 kPa. The engine has a compression ratio of 8, which means the air-fuel mixture is compressed to one-eighth the original
Air at 700°C is expanded in an insulated cylinder such that the volume increases by a factor of 8. Estimate the final temperature, assuming a quasi-equilibrium process. Also, calculate the work
Twenty kilograms of nitrogen are allowed to expand in a polytropic process according to the equation Pvn = const. The nitrogen is initially at 500 kPa with a volume of 10 m3. The final volume is 40
One kilogram of air is compressed in a cylinder for each of the quasi-equilibrium processes listed in the following table. Fill in the missing quantities for the selected process.
Nitrogen at 60 psia and 300°F with a volume of 10 ft3 is allowed to expand in a polytropic process such that Pvn = C, where C is a constant. Determine the work done and the heat transfer during this
Saturated steam holds the 80-kg, 10-cm-diameter piston such that it just touches the spring in Fig. 3.32. The spring constant is 8000 N/m. The work required to raise the frictionless piston 20 cm is
Air undergoes a cycle that is composed of three processes, as shown in Fig. 3.54, with Thigh = 2400 K and vmax /vmin = 6. Assuming quasi-equilibrium processes with constant specific heats, calculate
Air undergoes a cycle that is composed of three processes, as shown in Fig. 3.55. Assuming quasi-equilibrium processes and constant specific heats with Thigh 5 427°C, calculate the work for each
Two kilograms of air undergo a cycle that is composed of three processes, as shown in Fig. 3.56. Assuming quasi-equilibrium processes and constant specific heats, calculate the work for each process
States 2 and 3 are saturated states as the steam undergoes the cycle shown in Fig. 3.57. Assuming quasi-equilibrium processes, determine the net work produced and the heat transfer required if 4 lbm
An insulated pump increases the pressure of water in a power plant from 10 kPa to 2 MPa. The minimum horsepower required for a mass flux of 2 kg/s is nearest: (A) 5.3 hp (B) 8.2 hp (C) 12.6 hp (D)
Air flowing at 20 kg/min enters the insulated compressor of Fig. 4.44 at 100 kPa and 20°C and exits at 800 kPa. The minimum work rate required to compress the air, assuming constant specific
Air at 600°C and 2 MPa flows into the turbine of Fig. 4.45 and exits at 100 kPa. For a mass flux of 1.2 kg/s, the maximum power output (assume an adiabatic, quasi-equilibrium process with
Water at 90°C flows through a radiator with a mass flux of 0.2 kg/s and exits at 87°C. It heats 10m3 /min of standard atmospheric air. If the heat that leaves the water enters the air, estimate the
A Rankine cycle operates with a mass flux of 2 kg/s, as shown in Fig. 4.46. Determine the pump power requirement.(A) 7.8 kW(B) 5.6 kW(C) 4.2 kW(D) 3.9 kWFigure 4.46
The energy requirement of the boiler of Fig. 4.46 is nearest:(A) 6.5 MJ/s(B) 5.2 MJ/s(C) 4.8 MJ/s(D) 3.6 MJ/sFigure 4.46
The velocity of the steam in the 40-cm-diameter pipe exiting the boiler of Fig. 4.46 is nearest:(A) 3.2 m/s(B) 2.4 m/s(C) 1.6 m/s(D) 1.2 m/sFigure 4.46
The efficiency of the cycle of Fig. 4.46 is nearest:(A) 41%(B) 39%(C) 35%(D) 31%Figure 4.46
The cooling capacity of the cycle of Fig. 4.47 with á¹ = 0.5 kg / s, is nearest:(A) 99 kJ/s(B) 82 kJ/s(C) 68 kJ/s(D) 56 kJ/sFigure 4.47
The temperature drop across the throttle of Fig. 4.47 is nearest:(A) 55ºC(B) 50ºC(C) 45ºC(D) 40ºCFigure 4.47
Liquid water is supplied to a nozzle at a velocity of 2 m/s. The nozzle has an entrance diameter of 3 cm and an exit diameter of 1 cm. Determine i) The volumetric flow rate of the water, ii) The mass
A steam pipe must deliver 20 kg/s of steam at 1 MPa and 400°C to a processing facility. If the pipe has an inside diameter of a) 40 cm, b) 75 cm, c) 1 m, calculate the average flow velocity of the
Air at 14.7 psia and 120°F and a flow velocity of 15 ft/s enters a nozzle whose inlet area is 12 in2. Determine the mass flow rate and volume flow rate of the air.
Water enters a nozzle at 8 m/s and exits to the atmosphere, as shown in Fig. 4.48. Calculate the velocity Ñ´2 of the water at the exit ifa) d1 = 4 cm,b) d1 = 6 cm,c) d1 = 8 cm. Assume
Air enters a room at two inlets and leaves at one outlet, as shown in Fig. 4.49. Determine V3 for a steady-flow situation if the velocity Ñ´2 isa) 10 m/s,b) 20 m/s,c) 30 m/s. The
Air is flowing in a 10-cm-constant diameter pipe at 50 m/s. At section 1 the temperature and pressure are 60°C and 400 kPa, respectively. Heat is added to the air, and at section 2 downstream the
If water leaves the nozzle ofa) Problem 4.25 ab) Problem 4.25 bc) Problem 4.25 c and exits to the atmosphere at 0 kPa gage, estimate the gage pressure of the water upstream where Ñ´1 = 8
Steam enters the adiabatic turbine of Fig. 4.50 at 10 MPa and 600°C. If the mass flow rate of the steam is 2 kg/s, determine the power output of the turbine if the steam leaves ata) 20 kPa with x
Air is expanded in an adiabatic turbine from 1.5 MPa and 500°C to 120 kPa and 110°C. The volumetric flow rate of the air is 10 m3 /min at the inlet. Determine the power output of the turbine.
Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 10 MPa, 500°C, and a flow velocity of 100 m/s through four 2-cm-diameter jets. It leaves the turbine at 30 kPa with a velocity of 20 m/s and a quality of 0.94.
Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 2000 psia, 1000°F, with a flow velocity of 300 ft/s through four 1-in.-diameter jets. It leaves at 10 psia with a velocity of 40 ft/s and a quality of 0.90.
Air enters the adiabatic turbine of Fig. 4.51 at 300 kPa and 500 8 C and leaves the turbine at 100 kPa. If the power output of the turbine is 600 hp, determine the mass flow rate of the air through
Air with a velocity of 40 m/s enters an adiabatic turbine through a 4-cm-diameter pipe at 2 MPa and 400°C and expands to the exit maintained at 100 kPa. Determine the power produced if a) The air
A small stream near a mountain cabin is dammed up to produce a head of 2 m of water at the inlet to a hydroturbine, as sketched in Fig. 4.52. A distance upstream the flow is estimated to be 4 m/s in
Air is compressed from 100 kPa and 20°C to 800 kPa and 260°C. If the input power to the adiabatic compressor of Fig. 4.53 is 20 kW, determine the mass flow rate of air through the
Air is compressed from 100 kPa and 40°C. The input power to the adiabatic compressor is 20 kW. Determine the mass flow rate of air through the compressor assuming the air undergoes a
Air with a velocity of 40 m/s enters an adiabatic compressor through a 4-cm-diameter pipe at 100 kPa and 30°C and is compressed to 2000 kPa. Determine the power required if a) The air exits at
Refrigerant 134a enters the adiabatic compressor of Fig. 4.54 as a saturated vapor at 20°C. It leaves the compressor at 1 MPa and 50°C. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 4 kg/s,
Steam at 4 MPa and 400°C flows at 40 m/s in a constant-diameter pipe. Downstream where P2 = 2 MPa and T2 = 260°C, the velocity is nearest: (A) 29 m/s (B) 37 m/s (C) 51 m/s (D) 62 m/s
Refrigerant 134a enters an adiabatic compressor as a saturated vapor at 70°F. It leaves the compressor at 160 psia and 120°F. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 10 lbm/s, determine the
Ammonia is compressed from 120 kPa with x = 1 to a pressure of 1.2 MPa and a temperature of 100°C. For a mass flux of 3 kg/s, determine the power required to drive the adiabatic compressor.
A compressor requires 200 hp to compress 0.02 kg/s of steam from saturated vapor at 150°C to 2 MPa and 400°C. Determine the heat transfer rate from the compressor.
Liquid water is pumped from 100 kPa to 600 kPa at a flow rate of 1.2 m3 /s. Calculate the necessary input power to the pump.
The feedwater pump in a power plant increases the pressure of the water exiting the condenser from 10 kPa to 6 MPa. Estimate the horsepower requirement if 10 kg/s of water is flowing.
Water travels in the pipe of Fig. 4.56 as a saturated liquid at 1 MPa. The water is throttled through a valve to a pressure of 100 kPa. Determine the quality and the temperature of the steam exiting
A fluid is throttled from 1 MPa and 38°C to a pressure of 100 kPa. Determine the temperature of the fluid exiting the throttle if it is a) R134a, b) Ammonia, c) Air.
R134a at 50 psia and 40°F is throttled to a pressure of a) 20 psia, b) 15 psia, c) 10 psia. Determine the exit temperature and quality of the R-134a.
The valve of Fig. 4.57 throttles 90°C water from 8 MPa to 40 kPa. What are the temperature and enthalpy of the water downstream of the valve? The upstream and downstream areas are the same.Figure
Water enters the 2-cm-diameter pipe of Fig. 4.42 at 20 m/s and exits between two parallel disks that are 2 mm apart. Determine the velocity V2 of the water when r = 10 cm.(A) 5 m/s(B) 10 m/s(C) 15
Ammonia flowing at 0.01 m3 /s is throttled from 900 kPa and 20°C to a pressure of 125 kPa by passing the refrigerant through the bank of small-diameter tubes shown in Fig. 4.58 that cause a
Water enters a mixing chamber at 200 kPa and 40°C with a flow rate of 50 kg/s. Another flow of water enters at 200 kPa and 20°C with a flow rate of 100 kg/s. Determine the exit temperature of the
Air enters the mixing chamber of Fig. 4.59 at 500 kPa and 107°C with a flow rate of 5 m 3 /s. Another flow of air enters at 500 kPa and 1027°C. If the combined flow exits the mixing chamber
Steam enters a mixing chamber at 6 MPa and 400°C. Water enters the mixing chamber at 6 MPa and 80°C. Determine the ratio of the mass flow rate of the steam to the mass flow rate of the water if the
Water at 75°F and 200 psia is heated by mixing it with superheated steam at 600°F and 200 psia, as shown in Fig. 4.60. If the mass flow rate of each entering flow is the same, calculate the
The water entering the boiler of a power plant is preheated by mixing the saturated water exiting the condenser pump at 60 psia with superheated steam at 60 psia and 320 ° F. Determine the
Water is used to cool R134a in the condenser of Fig. 4.61. The refrigerant enters the counter flow heat exchanger at 800 kPa, 80°C and a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The refrigerant exits as a
Water enters the condenser (a heat exchanger) shown in Fig. 4.62 of a power plant at 70 8 F and leaves at 160°F. If the mass flux of the steam is 4 kg/s, determine the mass flux required for the
Steam enters a heat exchanger at 5 MPa, and 500°C and leaves at 250°C. Cooling water enters the heat exchanger at 500 kPa, and 25°C and leaves at 80°C. Determine the ratio of the mass flow rate
In the sketch of a car radiator in Fig. 4.63, air is used to cool ethylene glycol (Cp = 2.5 kJ/kg·°C). Air at a flow rate of 1 m3 /s enters the radiator at T1 = 20°C and leaves at T2 =
Superheated steam at 100 kPa and 110°C enters a condenser at 80 kg/s. The steam leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid at 100 kPa. Liquid water is used to cool the steam. The water enters the
Air enters the diffuser of Fig. 4.64 at 15°C with a flow velocity of 200 m/s. The inlet diameter is 4 cm. If the air leaves the diffuser at 100 kPa and 30°C, determine the exit velocity and
Steam enters a nozzle at 4 MPa and 500°C at a velocity of 100 m/s and leaves the nozzle at 1 MPa and 250°C. The entrance area of the nozzle is 0.01 m2. Determine the mass flow rate of steam through
Steam enters a nozzle at 20 psia and 400°F at a velocity of 200 fps and leaves the nozzle at 14.7 psia and 360°F. The entrance area of the nozzle is 0.1 ft2. Determine the mass flow rate of steam
Air at 140 kPa and 100°C enters the nozzle of Fig. 4.65. It leaves at 100 kPa with a velocity of 400 m/s. Determine the ratio of the exit area to the inlet area. Assume an adiabatic
Refrigerant 134a enters a diffuser at 800 kPa, a temperature of 50°C, and a flow velocity of 160 m/s. It leaves the diffuser at 1 MPa and 60°C. The inlet area of the diffuser is 0.006 m2. Determine
Air enters an adiabatic diffuser at 500 kPa and 30°C with a velocity of 20 m/s. The diffuser has an inlet diameter of 8 cm. Air leaves the diffuser at 800 kPa and 80°C. If the exit diameter of the
The air in a laboratory reservoir is maintained at 20°C. It flows out through a converging-diverging nozzle into the laboratory maintained at 100 kPa, through a shape like that sketched in Fig.

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