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physics
thermodynamics

Questions and Answers of Thermodynamics

In Fig. 19-86, let V = 10.0 V and C1 = C2 = C3 = 25.4 Î¼F, How much energy is stored in the capacitor network(a) As shown,(b) If the capacitors were all in series, and(c) If the capacitors were all
A 12.0-V battery, two resistors, and two capacitors are connected as shown in Fig. 19-87. After the circuit has been connected for a long time, what is the charge on each capacitor?
Suppose that you have a 9.0-V battery and wish to apply a voltage of only 3.5 V. Given an unlimited supply of 1.0-Ω resistors, how could you connect them to make a "voltage divider" that produces a
How much energy must a 24-V battery expend to charge a 0.45-μF and 0.20-μF a capacitor fully when they are placed?(a) In parallel,(b) In series?(c) How much charge flowed from the battery in each
Two capacitors, C1 = 2.2 Î¼F and C2 = 1.2 Î¼F, are connected in parallel to a 24-V source as shown in Fig. 19-89a. After they are charged they are disconnected from the source and from each
The switch S in Fig. 19-90 is connected downward so that capacitor C2 becomes fully charged by the battery of voltage V0. If the switch is then connected upward, determine the charge on each
The performance of the starter circuit in a car can be significantly degraded by a small amount of corrosion on a battery terminal. Figure 19-91a depicts a properly functioning circuit with a battery
The variable capacitance of an old radio tuner consists of four plates connected together placed alternately between four other plates, also connected together (Fig. 19-92). Each plate is separated
A 175-pF capacitor is connected in series with an unknown capacitor, and as a series combination they are connected to a 25.0-V battery. If the 175-pF capacitor stores 125 pC of charge on its plates,
In the circuit shown in Fig. 19-93, C1 = 1.0 Î¼F, C2 = 2.0 Î¼F, C3 = 2.4 Î¼F, and a voltage Vab = 24 V is applied across points a and b. After C1 is fully charged, the switch is thrown to the
Fill in the Table below for a combination of two unequal resistors of resistance R1 and R2. Assume the electric potential on the low-voltage end of the combination is VA volts and the potential at
Cardiac defibrillators are discussed in Section 17-9. (a) Choose a value for the resistance so that the 1.0-μF capacitor can be charged to 3000 V in 2.0 seconds. Assume that this 3000 V is 95%of the
The circuit shown in Fig. 19-95 is a primitive 4-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC). In this circuit, to represent each digit (2n) of a binary number, a "1" has the nth switch closed whereas zero
A positively charged particle in a nonuniform magnetic field follows the trajectory shown in Fig. 20-49. Indicate the direction of the magnetic field at points near the path, assuming the path is
Explain why the Earth's "north pole" is really a magnetic south pole. Indicate how north and south magnetic poles were defined and how we can tell experimentally that the north pole is really a south
Will a magnet attract any metallic object, such as those made of aluminum or copper? Why is this so?
1. Indicate which of the following will produce a magnetic field: (a) A magnet. (b) The Earth. (c) An electric charge at rest. (d) A moving electric charge. (e) An electric current. (f) The voltage
1. Which of the following statements about the force on a charged particle due to a magnetic field are not valid? (a) It depends on the particle's charge. (b) It depends on the particle's
1. As a proton moves through space, it creates (a) An electric field only. (b) A magnetic field only. (c) Both an electric field and magnetic field. (d) Nothing; the electric field and magnetic
1. Which of the following statements is false? The magnetic field of a current-carrying wire (a) Is directed circularly around the wire. (b) Decreases inversely with the distance from the wire. (c)
1. A proton enters a uniform magnetic field that is perpendicular to the proton's velocity (Fig. 20-51).What happens to the kinetic energy of the proton?(a) It increases.(b) It decreases.(c) It stays
(a) What is the force per meter of length on a straight wire carrying a 6.40-A current when perpendicular to a 0.90-T uniform magnetic field?(b) What if the angle between the wire and field is 35.0°?
An electron is projected vertically upward with a speed of 1.70 × 106 m/s into a uniform magnetic field of 0.640 T that is directed horizontally away from the observer. Describe the electron's path
Alpha particles (charge q = +2e, mass m = 6.6 × 10-27 kg) move at 1.6 × 106 m/s. What magnetic field strength would be required to bend them into a circular path of radius r = 0.14 m?
Find the direction of the force on a negative charge for each diagram shown in Fig. 20-52, where (green) is the velocity of the charge and (blue) is the direction of the magnetic field.
Determine the direction of B for each case in Fig. 20-53, where F 1 represents the maximum magnetic force on a positively charged particle moving with velocity v.(a)(b) (c)
Determine the velocity of a beam of electrons that goes undeflected when moving perpendicular to an electric and to a magnetic field. E and B are also perpendicular to each other and have magnitudes
A helium ion (Q = +2e) whose mass is 6.6 × 10-27 kg is accelerated by a voltage of 3700 V. (a) What is its speed? (b) What will be its radius of curvature if it moves in a plane perpendicular to a
For a particle of mass m and charge q moving in a circular path in a magnetic field B,(a) Show that its kinetic energy is proportional to r2, the square of the radius of curvature of its path.(b)
A 1.5-MeV (kinetic energy) proton enters a 0.30-T field, in a plane perpendicular to the field. What is the radius of its path?
An electron experiences the greatest force as it travels 2.8 × 106 m/s in a magnetic field when it is moving northward. The force is vertically upward and of magnitude 6.2 × 10-13 N. What is the
How much current is flowing in a wire 4.80 m long if the maximum force on it is 0.625 N when placed in a uniform 0.0800-T field?
A 3.40-g bullet moves with a speed of 155 m/s perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field of 5.00 × 10-5 T. If the bullet possesses a net charge of 18.5 × 10-9 by what distance will it be deflected
A Hall probe, consisting of a thin rectangular slab of current-carrying material, is calibrated by placing it in a known magnetic field of magnitude 0.10 T. When the field is oriented normal to the
The Hall effect can be used to measure blood flow rate because the blood contains ions that constitute an electric current. (a) Does the sign of the ions influence the emf? Explain. (b) Determine the
A long copper strip 1.8 cm wide and 1.0 mm thick is placed in a 1.2-T magnetic field as in Fig. 20-21a. When a steady current of 15 A passes through it, the Hall emf is measured to be 1.02 μV.
Jumper cables used to start a stalled vehicle often carry a 65-A current. How strong is the magnetic field 4.5 cm from one cable? Compare to the Earth's magnetic field (5.0 × 10-5 T).
If an electric wire is allowed to produce a magnetic field no larger than that of the Earth (0.50 × 10-4 T) at a distance of 12 cm from the wire, what is the maximum current the wire can carry?
Determine the magnitude and direction of the force between two parallel wires 25 m long and 4.0 cm apart, each carrying 25 A in the same direction.
A vertical straight wire carrying an upward 28-A current exerts an attractive force per unit length of 7.8 × 10-4 N/m on a second parallel wire 9.0 cm away. What current (magnitude and direction)
An experiment on the Earth's magnetic field is being carried out 1.00 m from an electric cable. What is the maximum allowable current in the cable if the experiment is to be accurate to ± 3.0%?
A rectangular loop of wire is placed next to a straight wire, as shown in Fig. 20-55. There is a current of 3.5 A in both wires. Determine the magnitude and direction of the net force on the loop.
A horizontal compass is placed 18 cm due south from a straight vertical wire carrying a 48-A current downward. In what direction does the compass needle point at this location? Assume the horizontal
A long horizontal wire carries 24.0 A of current due north. What is the net magnetic field 20.0 cm due west of the wire if the Earth's field there points downward, 44° below the horizontal, and has
Determine the magnetic field midway between two long straight wires 2.0 cm apart in terms of the current I in one when the other carries 25 A. Assume these currents are (a) In the same direction, (b)
Two straight parallel wires are separated by 7.0 cm. There is a 2.0-A current flowing in the first wire. If the magnetic field strength is found to be zero between the two wires at a distance of 2.2
Two long straight wires each carry a current I out of the page toward the viewer, Fig. 20-56. Indicate, with appropriate arrows, the direction of at each of B the points 1 to 6 in the plane of the
A power line carries a current of 95 A west along the tops of 8.5-m-high poles.(a) What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field produced by this wire at the ground directly below? How
A compass needle points 17° E of N outdoors. However, when it is placed 12.0 cm to the east of a vertical wire inside a building, it points 32° E of N. What is the magnitude and direction of the
A 2.6-m length of horizontal wire carries a 4.5-A current toward the south. The dip angle of the Earth's magnetic field makes an angle of 41° to the wire. Estimate the magnitude of the magnetic
A long pair of insulated wires serves to conduct 24.5 A of dc current to and from an instrument. If the wires are of negligible diameter but are 2.8 mm apart, what is the magnetic field 10.0 cm from
A thin 12-cm-long solenoid has a total of 460 turns of wire and carries a current of 2.0 A. Calculate the field inside the solenoid near the center.
A 30.0-cm-long solenoid 1.25 cm in diameter is to produce a field of 4.65 mT at its center. How much current should the solenoid carry if it has 935 turns of the wire?
A 42-cm-long solenoid, 1.8 cm in diameter, is to produce a 0.030-T magnetic field at its center. If the maximum current is 4.5 A, how many turns must the solenoid have?
A 550-turn horizontal solenoid is 15 cm long. The current in its coils is 38 A. A straight wire cuts through the center of the solenoid, along a 3.0-cm diameter. This wire carries a 22-A current
The magnetic force per meter on a wire is measured to be only 45% of its maximum possible value. What is the angle between the wire and the magnetic field?
A galvanometer needle deflects full scale for a 530-μA current. What current will give full-scale deflection if the magnetic field weakens to 0.760 of its original value?
A circular coil 12.0 cm in diameter and containing nine loops lies flat on the ground. The Earth's magnetic field at this location has magnitude 5.50 × 10-5 T and points into the Earth at an angle
Protons move in a circle of radius 6.10 cm in a 0.566-T magnetic field. What value of electric field could make their paths straight? In what direction must the electric field point?
An unknown particle moves in a straight line through crossed electric and magnetic fields with E = 1.5 k V/m and B = 0.034 T. If the electric field is turned off, the particle moves in a circular
The force on a wire carrying 6.45 A is a maximum of 1.28 N when placed between the pole faces of a magnet. If the pole faces are 55.5 cm in diameter, what is the approximate strength of the magnetic
A mass spectrometer is monitoring air pollutants. It is difficult, however, to separate molecules of nearly equal mass such as CO (28.0106 u) and N2 (28.0134 u). How large a radius of curvature must
A long thin iron-core solenoid has 380 loops of wire per meter, and a 350-mA current flows through the wire. If the permeability of the iron is 3000 μ0, what is the total field B inside the solenoid?
An iron-core solenoid is 38 cm long and 1.8 cm in diameter, and has 780 turns of wire. The magnetic field inside the solenoid is 2.2 T when 48 A flows in the wire. What is the permeability μ at this
Protons with momentum 4.8 × 10-21 kg ∙ m/s are magnetically steered clockwise in a circular path 2.2 m in diameter. Determine the magnitude and direction of the field in the magnets surrounding
A small but rigid â‹ƒ-shaped wire carrying a 5.0-A current (Fig. 20-62) is placed inside a solenoid. The solenoid is 15.0 cm long and has 700 loops of wire, and the current in each loop is 7.0 A.
The power cable for an electric trolley (Fig. 20-63) carries a horizontal current of 330 A toward the east. The Earth's magnetic field has a strength 5.0 Ã— 10-5 T and makes an angle of
An airplane has acquired a net charge of 1280 μC. If the Earth's magnetic field of 5.0 × 10-5 T is perpendicular to the airplane's velocity of magnitude 120 m/s, determine the force on the airplane.
The force on a wire is a maximum of when placed between the pole faces of a magnet. The current flows horizontally to the right and the magnetic field is vertical. The wire is observed to "jump"
A doubly charged helium atom, whose mass is 6.6 × 10-27 kg, is accelerated by a voltage of 3200 V. (a) What will be its radius of curvature in a uniform 0.240-T field? (b) What is its period of
(a) What value of magnetic field would make a beam of electrons, traveling to the west at a speed of 4.8 × 106 m/s go undeflected through a region where there is a uniform electric field of
Magnetic fields are very useful in particle accelerators for "beam steering"; that is, the magnetic fields can be used to change the direction of the beam of charged particles without altering their
The magnetic field B at the center of a circular coil of wire carrying a current I (as in Fig. 20-9) isB = Î¼0 NI / 2r,where N is the number of loops in the coil and r is its radius. Imagine a
A motor run by a 9.0-V battery has a 20-turn square coil with sides of length 5.0 cm and total resistance 28Ω. When spinning, the magnetic field felt by the wire in the coil is 0.020 T. What is the
Electrons are accelerated horizontally by 2.2 kV. They then pass through a uniform magnetic field B for a distance of 3.8 cm, which deflects them upward so they reach the top of a screen 22 cm away,
A 175-g model airplane charged to 18.0 mC and traveling at 3.4 m/s passes within 8.6 cm of a wire, nearly parallel to its path, carrying a 25-A current. What acceleration (in g's) does this
A uniform conducting rod of length and mass m sits atop a fulcrum, which is placed a distance „“/4 from the rod's left-hand end and is immersed in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude B
Suppose the Earth's magnetic field at the equator has magnitude 0.50 × 10-4 and a northerly direction at all points. Estimate the speed a singly ionized uranium ion (m = 238 u, q = +e) would need to
A particle with charge q and momentum p, initially moving along the x axis, enters a region where a uniform magnetic field B0 extends over a width x = â„“ as shown in Fig. 20-70. The particle is
A bolt of lightning strikes a metal flag pole, one end of which is anchored in the ground. Estimate the force the Earth's magnetic field can exert on the flag pole while the lightning-induced current
The cyclotron (Fig. 20-72) is a device used to accelerate elementary particles such as protons to high speeds. Particles starting at point A with some initial velocity travel in semicircular orbits
Three long parallel wires are 3.8 cm from one another. (Looking along them, they are at three corners of an equilateral triangle.) The current in each wire is 8.00 A, but its direction in wire M is
Determine the magnitude and direction of the force on an electron traveling 7.75 × 105 m/s horizontally to the east in a vertically upward magnetic field of strength 0.45 T.
In Fig. 20-73 the top wire is 1.00-mm-diameter copper wire and is suspended in air due to the two magnetic forces from the bottom two wires. The current flow through the two bottom wires is 75 A in
You want to get an idea of the magnitude of magnetic fields produced by overhead power lines. You estimate that a transmission wire is about 13 m above the ground. The local power company tells you
(a) A particle of charge q moves in a circular path of radius r in a uniform magnetic field B. If the magnitude of the magnetic field is double, and the kinetic energy of the particle is the same,
Define the term finite element?
Name three commonly used methods for deriving the element stiffness matrix and element equations. Briefly describe each method?
To what does the term degrees of freedom refer?
List five typical areas of engineering where the finite element method is applied?
List five advantages of the finite element method?
What does discretization mean in the finite element method?
In what year did the modern development of the finite element method begin?
In what year was the direct stiffness method introduced?
Define the term matrix?
What role did the computer play in the use of the finite element method?
List and briefly describe the general steps of the finite element method?
What is the displacement method?
List four common types of finite elements?
a. Obtain the global stiffness matrix [K] of the assemblage shown in Figure P2-1 by superimposing the stiffness matrices of the individual springs. Here k1, k2, and k3 are the stiffnesses of the

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