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physics
thermodynamics

Questions and Answers of Thermodynamics

For the five-spring assemblage shown in Figure P2-17, determine the displacements at nodes 2 and 3 and the reactions at nodes 1 and 4. Assume the rigid vertical bars at nodes 2 and 3 connecting the
Use the principle of minimum potential energy developed in Section 2.6 to solve the spring problems shown in Figure P2-18. That is, plot the total potential energy for variations in the displacement
Reverse the direction of the load in Example 2.4 and recalculate the total potential energy. Then use this value to obtain the equilibrium value of displacement.Example 2.4For the linear-elastic
For the spring assemblage shown in Figure P2-2, determine the displacement at node 2 and the forces in each spring element. Also determine the force F3. Given: Node 3 displaces an amount
The nonlinear spring in Figure P2-20 has the force/deformation relationship f = kÎ´2. Express the total potential energy of the spring, and use this potential energy to obtain the
Solve Problems 2.10 and 2.15 by the potential energy approach (see Example 2.5).Figure P2-10Figure P2-15
Resistor type elements are often used in electrical circuits. Consider the typical resistor element shown in Figure P2-23 with nodes 1 and 2. One form of Ohm's law says that the potential voltage
a. For the spring assemblage shown in Figure P2-3, obtain the global stiffness matrix by direct superposition.b. If nodes 1 and 5 are fixed and a force P is applied at node 3, determine the nodal
Solve Problem 2.3 with P = 0 (no force applied at node 3) and with node 5 given a fixed, known displacement of Î´ as shown in Figure P2-4.Figure P2-4
For the spring assemblage shown in Figure P2-5, obtain the global stiffness matrix by the direct stiffness method. Let k(1) = 1 kip in., k(2) = 2 kip in., k(3) = 3 kip in., k(4) = 4 kip/in., and k(5)
For the spring assemblage in Figure P2-5, apply a concentrated force of 3 kips at node 2 in the positive x direction and determine the displacements at nodes 2 and 4.Figure P2-5
Instead of assuming a tension element as in Figure P2-3, now assume a compression element. That is, apply compressive forces to the spring element and derive the stiffness matrix.Figure P2-3
For the spring assemblages shown in Figures P2-8 through P2-16, determine the nodal displacements, the forces in each element, and the reactions. Use the direct stiffness method for all
a. Compute the total stiffness matrix [K] of the assemblage shown in Figure P3-1 by superimposing the stiffness matrices of the individual bars. Note that [K] should be in terms of A1, A2, A3, E1,
Solve for the axial displacement and stress in the tapered bar shown in Figure P3-12 using one and then two constant-area elements. Evaluate the area at the center of each element length. Use that
Determine the stiffness matrix for the bar element with end nodes and mid length node shown in Figure P3-13. Let axial displacement u = Î±1 + Î±2x + Î±3x2.
Consider the following displacement function for the two-noded bar element:u = α + bx2Is this a valid displacement function? Discuss why or why not.
For each of the bar elements shown in Figure P3-15, evaluate the global x - y stiffness matrix.Figure P3-15(a)(b)
For the bar elements shown in Figure P3-16, the global displacement have been determined to be u1 = 0.5 in., v1 = 0.0, u2 = 0.25 in., and v2 = 0.75 in. Determine the local x' displacements at each
For the bar elements shown in Figure P3-17, the global displacements have been determined to be u1 = 0.0, v1 = 2.5 mm, u2 = 5.0 mm, and v2 = 3.0 mm. Determine the local x' displacements at the ends
Using the method of Section 3.5, determine the axial stress in each of the bar elements shown in Figure P3-18.(a)(b)
a. Assemble the stiffness matrix for the assemblage shown in Figure P3-19 by super-imposing the stiffness matrices of the springs. Here k is the stiffness of each spring.b. Find the x and y
For the bar assemblages shown in Figures P3-2 through P3-11, determine the nodal displacements, the forces in each element, and the reactions. Use the direct stiffness method for these
For the plane truss structure shown in Figure P3-20, determine the displacement of node 2 using the stiffness method. Also determine the stress in element 1. Let A = 10 in2, E = 1 Ã— 106 psi, and
Find the horizontal and vertical displacements of node 1 for the truss shown in Figure P3-21. Assume AE = 30 Ã— 106 lb is the same for each element?Figure P3-21
For the truss shown in Figure P3-22 solve for the horizontal and vertical components of displacement at node 1 and determine the stress in each element. Also verify force equilibrium at node 1. All
For the truss shown in Figure P3-23, solve for the horizontal and vertical components of displacement at node 1. Also determine the stress in element 1. Let A = 1in2, E = 10.0 Ã— 106 psi, and L =
Determine the nodal displacements and the element forces for the truss shown in Figure P3-24. Assume all elements have the same AE.Figure P3-24
Now remove the element connecting nodes 2 and 4 in Figure P3-24. Then determine the nodal displacements and element forces.Figure P3-24
Now remove both cross elements in Figure P3-24. Can you determine the nodal displacements? If not, why?Figure P3-24,
Determine the displacement components at node 3 and the element forces for the plane truss shown in Figure P3-27. Let A = 3 in2 and E = 30 Ã— 106 psi for all elements. Verify force equilibrium at
Show that for the transformation matrix [T] of Eq. (3.4.15), [T]T 5[T]-1 and hence Eq. (3.4.21) is indeed correct, thus also illustrating that [k] = [T]T [k'][T] is the expression for the global
For the plane trusses shown in Figures P3-29 and P3-30, determine the horizontal and vertical displacements of node 1 and the stresses in each element. All elements have E = 210 GPa and A = 4.0
Remove element 1 from Figure P3-30 and solve the problem. Compare the displacements and stresses to the results for Problem 3.30.Figure P3-30
For the plane truss shown in Figure P3-32, determine the nodal displacements, the element forces and stresses, and the support reactions. All elements have E = 70 GPa and A = 3.0 Ã— 10-4 m2.
For the plane trusses supported by the spring at node 1 in Figure P3-33 (a) and (b), determine the nodal displacements and the stresses in each element. Let E = 210 GPa and A Ã— 5.0 Ã— 10-4 m2
For the plane truss shown in Figure P3-34, node 2 settles an amount ( = 0.02 in. Determine the forces and stresses in each element due to this settlement. Let E = 30 Ã— 106 psi and A = 2 in2 for
For the symmetric plane truss shown in Figure P3-35, determine(a) The deflection of node 1 and(b) The stress in element 1. AE/L for element 3 is twice AE/L for the other elements. Let AE/L = 106
For the space truss elements shown in Figures P3-36 and P3-37, the global displacements at node 1 have been determined to be u1 = 0.1 in., v1 = 0.2 in., and w1 = 0.25 in. Determine the displacement
For the space truss elements shown in Figures P3-38 and P3-39, the global displacements at node 2 have been determined to be u2 = 6 mm, v2 = 12 mm, and w2 = 18 mm. Determine the displacement along
For the space trusses shown in Figures P3-40 and P3-41, determine the nodal displacements and the stresses in each element. Let E = 210 GPa and A = 10 Ã— 10-4 m2 for all elements. Verify force
For the space truss subjected to a 1000-lb load in the x direction, as shown in Figure P3-42, determine the displacement of node 5. Also determine the stresses in each element. Let A = 4 in.2 and E =
For the space truss subjected to the 4000-lb load acting as shown in Figure P3-43 determine the displacement of node 4. Also determine the stresses in each element. Let A = 6 in2 and E = 30 Ã— 106
Derive Eq. (3.7.21) for stress in space truss elements by a process similar to that used to derive Eq. (3.5.6) for stress in a plane truss element?
For the truss shown in Figure P3-46, use symmetry to determine the displacements of the nodes and the stresses in each element. All elements have E = 30 Ã— 106 psi. Elements 1, 2, 4, and 5 have A
All elements of the structure in Figure P3-47 have the same AE except element 1, which has an axial stiffness of 2AE. Find the displacements of the nodes and the stresses in elements 2, 3, and 4 by
For the roof truss shown in Figure P3-48, use symmetry to determine the displacements of the nodes and the stresses in each element. All elements have E = 210 GPa and A = 10 Ã— 10-4 m2.Figure P3-48
For the plane trusses with inclined supports shown in Figures P3-49 through P3-51, solve for the nodal displacements and element stresses in the bars. Let A = 2 in2, E = 30 Ã— 106 psi, and L = 30
Use the principle of minimum potential energy developed in Section 3.10 to solve the bar problems shown in Figure P3-52. That is, plot the total potential energy for variations in the displacement of
Derive the stiffness matrix for the non-prismatic bar shown in Figure P3-53 using the principle of minimum potential energy. Let E be constant.Figure P3-53
For the bar subjected to the linear varying axial load shown in Figure P3-54, determine the nodal displacements and axial stress distribution using(a) Two equal-length elements and(b) Four
For the bar subjected to the uniform line load in the axial direction shown in Figure P3-55, determine the nodal displacements and axial stress distribution using(a) Two equal-length elements and(b)
For the bar fixed at both ends and subjected to the uniformly distributed loading shown in Figure P3-56, determine the displacement at the middle of the bar and the stress in the bar. Let A = 2 in2
For the bar hanging under its own weight shown in Figure P3-57, determine the nodal displacements using(a) Two equal-length elements and(b) Four equal-length elements. Let A = 2 in2, E = 30
Determine the energy equivalent nodal forces for the axial distributed loading shown acting on the bar elements in Figure P3-58.Figure P3-58(a)(b)
Solve Problem 3.55 for the axial displacement in the bar using collocation, sub-domain, least squares, and Galerkin's methods. Choose a quadratic polynomial u(x) = c1x + c2x2 in each method. Compare
For the tapered bar shown in Figure P3-60 with cross sectional areas A1 = 2 in.2 and A2 = 1 in.2 at each end, use the collocation, sub-domain, least squares, and Galerkin's methods to obtain the
For the bar shown in Figure P3-61 subjected to the linear varying axial load, determine the displacements and stresses using(a) One and then two finite element models and(b) The collocation,
Use a computer program to solve the truss design problems shown in Figures P3-64 through P3-72. Determine the single most critical cross-sectional area based on maximum allowable yield strength or
For the bridge truss shown, determine a recommended single size square box section for all members that most closely satisfy the stress requirements stated below. Assume the material is ASTM A500
For the barrel vault truss shown, use a computer program to design the truss. That is, based on the most critical compression member and most critical tension member, select a square box ASTM A36
Rework problem 3.74, but select a standard pipe cross section instead of a square box cross section?Refer to Problem 3.74,For the barrel vault truss shown, use a computer program to design the truss.
What are the differences between truss and beam elements? That is, what degrees of freedom does each one have? What forces do they resist?
For the fixed-fixed beam subjected to the uniform load w shown in Figure P4-14. determine the midspan deflection and the reactions. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams. The middle
Determine the midspan deflection and the reactions and draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the fixed-fixed beam subjected to uniformly distributed load w shown in Figure P4-15.
Determine the midspan deflection and the reactions and draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the simply supported beam subjected to the uniformly distributed load w shown in Figure
For the beam loaded as shown in Figure P4-17, determine the free-end deflection and the reactions and then draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams. Assume EI constant throughout the
Using the concept of work equivalence, determine the nodal forces and moments (called equivalent nodal forces) used to replace the linearly varying distributed load shown in Figure P4-18.Figure P4-18
For the beam shown in Figure 4-19, determine the displacement and slope at the center and the reactions. The load is symmetrical with respect to the center of the beam. Assume EI constant throughout
What kind of element would we have by combining the two elements (truss and beam) into one? What could that new element be used for?
For the beam subjected to the linearly varying line load w shown in Figure P4-20, determine the right-end rotation and the reactions. Assume EI constant throughout the beam.Figure P4-20
For the beams shown in Figures P4-21 through P4-26, determine the nodal displacements and slopes, the forces in each element, and the reactions.Figure P4-21Figure P4-22Figure P4-23Figure P4-24Figure
For the beams shown in Figures P4-27 through P4-32 use a computer program to determine the maximum deflection and maximum bending stress. Let E = 200 GPa or 30 Ã— 106 psi for all beams as
Use Eqs. (4.1.7) to plot the shape functions N1 and N3 and the derivatives (dN2 /dx) and (dN4 /dx); which represent the shapes (variations) of the slopes (1 and (2 over the length of the beam element?
Design a beam of ASTM A36 steel with allowable bending stress of 160 MPa to support the load shown in Figure P4-33. Assume a standard wide flange beam from Appendix F, or some other source can be
Select a standard steel pipe from Appendix F to support the load shown. The allowable bending stress must not exceed 24 ksi, and the allowable deflection must not exceed L / 360 of any span.Figure
Select a rectangular structural tube from Appendix F to support the loads shown for the beam in Figure P4-35. The allowable bending stress should not exceed 24 ksi, and the allowable deflection must
Select a standard W section from Appendix F or some other source to support the loads shown for the beam in Figure P4-36. The bending stress must not exceed 160 MPa, and the allowable deflection must
For the beam in Figure P4-37, determine a suitably sized W section from Appendix F or from another suitable source such that the bending stress does not exceed 150 MPa and the maximum deflection does
For the stepped shaft shown in Figure P4-38, determine a solid circular cross section for each section shown such that the bending stress does not exceed 160 MPa and the maximum deflection does not
For the beam shown in Figure P4-39 subjected to the concentrated load P and distributed load w, determine the midspan displacement and the reactions. Let EI be constant throughout the beam.Figure
Derive the element stiffness matrix for the beam element in Figure 4-1 if the rotational degrees of freedom are assumed positive clockwise instead of counterclockwise. Compare the two different nodal
For the beam shown in Figure P4-40 subjected to the two concentrated loads P, determine the deflection at the midspan. Use the equivalent load replacement method. Let EI be constant throughout the
For the beam shown in Figure P4-41 subjected to the concentrated load P and the linearly varying line load w, determine the free-end deflection and rotation and the reactions. Use the equivalent load
For the beams shown in Figures P4-42 through P4-44, with internal hinge, determine the deflection at the hinge. Let E = 210 GPa and I = 2 Ã— 10-4 m4.Figure P4-42Figure P4-43Figure P4-44
Develop the stiffness matrix for a fictitious pure shear panel element (Figure P4-46) in terms of the shear modulus, G, the shear web area, Aw, and the length, L. Notice that Y and v are the shear
Explicitly evaluate πp of Eq. (4.7.15); then differentiate πp with respect to v1, Φ1, v2, and Φ2 and set each of these equations to zero (that is, minimize πp) to obtain the four element
Derive the equations for the beam element on an elastic foundation (Figure P4-49) using the principle of minimum potential energy. Here k f is the sub-grade spring constant per unit length. The
For the beam shown in Figure P4-5, determine the rotation at pin support A and the rotation and displacement under the load P. Determine the reactions. Draw the shear force and bending moment
For the cantilever beam subjected to the free-end load P shown in Figure P4-6, determine the maximum deflection and the reactions. Let EI be constant throughout the beam.Figure P4-6
For the beams shown in Figures P4-7 through P4-13, determine the displacements and the slopes at the nodes, the forces in each element, and the reactions. Also, draw the shear force and bending
For the beam shown in Figure P4-79, use a computer program to determine the deflection at the mid-span using four beam elements, making the shear area zero and then making the shear area equal 5/6
For the rigid frame shown in Figure P5-1, determine (1) the displacement components and the rotation at node 2, (2) the support reactions, and (3) the forces in each element. Then check equilibrium
Solve the structures in Figures P5-16 through P5-18 by using substructuring.Figure P5-16 (Substructure the truss at nodes 3 and 4)Figure P5-17 (Substructure the beam at node 3)Figure P5-18
For the rigid frame shown in Figure P5-19, determine (1) the nodal displacement components and (2) the support reactions. (3) Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams. For all elements, let E
For the rigid frame shown in Figure P5-2, determine (1) the nodal displacement components and rotations, (2) the support reactions, and (3) the forces in each element. Let E = 30 Ã— 106 psi, A =
For the rigid frame shown in Figure P5-20, determine (1) the nodal displacement components and (2) the support reactions. (3) Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams. Let E = 30
For the slant-legged rigid frame shown in Figure P5-21, size the structure for minimum weight based on a maximum bending stress of 20 ksi in the horizontal beam elements and a maximum compressive
For the rigid building frame shown in Figure P5-22, determine the forces in each element and calculate the bending stresses. Assume all the vertical elements have A = 10 in.2 and I = 100 in.4 and all
For the rigid frames or beams shown in Figures P5-23 through P5-38, determine the displacements and rotations at the nodes, the element forces, and the reactions.Figure P5-22Figure P5-23Figure

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