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physics
thermodynamics

Questions and Answers of Thermodynamics

An ideal regenerative Rankine power cycle is shown in Fig. 8.38. Steam leaves the boiler at 15 MPa and 600°C with a mass flow rate of 10 kg/s. Steam is removed from the turbine at 1.6 MPa and
The rate of heat transfer to the steam in the boiler is nearest:(A) 20.6 MJ/s(B) 27.1 MJ/s(C) 31.9 MJ/s(D) 43.2 MJ/sFigure 8.29Figure 8.30
Repeat Problem 8.39 for a turbine efficiency of 85%.An ideal regenerative Rankine power cycle is shown in Fig. 8.38. Steam leaves the boiler at 15 MPa and 600°C with a mass flow rate of 10 kg/s.
For the ideal regenerative Rankine cycle shown in Fig. 8.38, steam leaves the steam generator at 2000 psia and 900 8 F, with a mass flux of 30 lbm/s. Steam at 400 psia is removed from the turbine and
The T-s diagram of an ideal Rankine power cycle with two reheat cycles and two open feedwater heaters is shown in Fig. 8.39. Steam leaves the boiler at state 7 at 15 MPa and 600°C. Steam at 4 MPa
Repeat Problem 8.42, retaining all quantities except that each reheater reheats the steam back to 600°C, that is, T9 = T11 = 600°C.The T-s diagram of an ideal Rankine power cycle with two
The T-s diagram of an ideal Rankine power cycle with two reheat cycles and two open feedwater heaters is shown in Fig. 8.39. Steam leaves the boiler at state 7 at 3000 psia and 1200°F. Steam at 400
Steam is produced in the ideal cogeneration cycle, shown in Fig. 8.40, at 8 MPa and 600°C at a mass flow rate of 20 kg/s. Thirty percent of the steam is extracted from the turbine at 800 kPa and
Steam leaves the boiler of the ideal cogeneration cycle shown in Fig. 8.41 at 600 psia and 900°F. Forty percent of the steam flow is extracted from the turbine by a process heater at 300 psia.
Rework Problem 8.46 assuming that the total steam mass flow rate is 60 lbm/s and that the steam is reheated back to 900°F at 300 psia. The specific quantities will change to rates.Steam leaves
For the ideal cogeneration cycle shown in Fig. 8.42, steam leaves the boiler at 6 MPa and 600°C with a mass flux of 40 kg/s. The valve is equipped with a pressure regulator that removes 20% of
The power produced by the turbine is nearest:(A) 16 MW(B) 14 MW(C) 12 MW(D) 10 MWFigure 8.29Figure 8.30
The Rankine cycle efficiency is nearest:(A) 43%(B) 40%(C) 38%(D) 35%Figure 8.29Figure 8.30
Water from a nearby river is used to carry away the condenser heat. If the water increases 12 8 C as it passes through the condenser, its mass flow rate should be nearest:(A) 470 kg/s(B) 420 kg/s(C)
The ideal Otto cycle operates with a compression ratio of 8 and inlet conditions of 20°C and 100 kPa. The high temperature is 1200°C. The work output of the cycle is nearest: (A) 325 kJ/kg (B) 350
A piston-cylinder arrangement operates on an air-standard cycle composed of the following four processes: (1-2) An isentropic-compression process that compresses air from 100 kPa and 20°C to a
A piston-cylinder arrangement operates on an air-standard cycle composed of the following four processes: (1-2) An isentropic-compression process that takes air from 14.7 psia and 50°F to a pressure
An engine cylinder has a diameter of 6 cm. The piston has a clearance of 5 mm and a stroke of 14 cm. Calculate the compression ratio for this cylinder. What is the engine displacement if this is an
An engine cylinder has a diameter of 4 in. The piston has a clearance of 0.6 in. and a stroke of 6 in. Calculate the compression ratio for this cylinder. What is the engine displacement if this is a
The Otto cycle of Fig. 9.39 has a compression ratio of 8 and a maximum temperature of 2000°C. What is the efficiency of this cycle? Determine the heat transfer in and the net work of the cycle if
An Otto cycle has an efficiency of 70% and a maximum temperature of 3500°F. What is the compression ratio of this cycle? Determine the heat transfer in and the net work of the cycle if the air
Heat is added to the air in an Otto cycle in the amount of 1200 kJ/kg. The compression ratio for this engine is 10. Air enters the cycle at 100 kPa and 20°C. Determine, using a cold air-standard
Rework Problem 9.17 except that the compression ratio is a) 6 b) 8. Heat is added to the air in an Otto cycle in the amount of 1200 kJ/kg. The compression ratio for this engine is 10. Air enters the
Using the air tables in Appendix F-1, find the net work, the efficiency, and the MEP for the cycle of a) Problem 9.17 b) Problem 9.18 a. Heat is added to the air in an Otto cycle in the amount of
The MEP of the Otto cycle of Problem 9.1 is nearest:(A) 370 kPa(B) 410 kPa(C) 440 kPa(D) 475 kPaFigure 9.36
Heat is added to the air in an Otto cycle in the amount of 500 Btu/lbm. The compression ratio for this engine is 10. Air enters the cycle at 14.7 psia and 65 8 F. Determine, using a cold-air
Rework Problem 9.20 except that the compression ratio is a) 6 b) 8. Heat is added to the air in an Otto cycle in the amount of 500 Btu/lbm. The compression ratio for this engine is 10. Air enters
Using the air tables in Appendix F-1E, determine the work, the efficiency, and the MEP for the cycle of a) Problem 9.20 b) Problem 9.21 a. Heat is added to the air in an Otto cycle in the amount of
The diesel cycle of Fig. 9.40 has a compression ratio of 16. Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle for cutoff ratios of 2, 2.5, and 3.0.Figure 9.40
A diesel cycle is designed to have a thermal efficiency of 70%. What must the compression ratio be if the cutoff ratio is 2 and 3?
Heat is added in the amount of 800 kJ/kg of air to a diesel cycle with a compression ratio of 19 and a cutoff ratio of 1.8. Air enters the engine at 100 kPa and 27°C. Determine, using a cold-air
Rework Problem 9.25 except that the compression ratio and cutoff ratio are, respectively, a) 16 and 2 b) 20 and 1.75. Heat is added in the amount of 800 kJ/kg of air to a diesel cycle with a
Using the air tables in Appendix F-1, determine the maximum cycle temperature, the net work, the efficiency, and the MEP for the cycle of a) Problem 9.25, b) Problem 9.26a. Heat is added in the
Heat is added in the amount of 300 Btu/lbm of air to a diesel cycle, with a compression ratio of 22 and a cutoff ratio of 2. Air enters the engine at 14.7 psia and 77°F. Determine, using a cold-air
Using the air tables in Appendix F-1E, calculate the maximum temperature, the net work, the cycle efficiency, and the MEP for the cycle described in Problem 9.28. Heat is added in the amount of 300
Derive the expression for the efficiency of the ideal dual cycle given by Eq. 9.23.
The dual cycle of Fig. 9.41 has a compression ratio of 20, a cutoff ratio of 3, and a pressure ratio of 2. Calculate its thermal efficiency, the heat input, and the net work output if the inlet
Air enters a dual cycle at 100 kPa and 20°C. Using a cold-air analysis, determine the thermal efficiency, the required specific heat input, and the net work output of this engine if: a) r = 18, rc =
An air-standard Stirling cycle shown in Fig. 9.42 operates with a minimum pressure of 75 kPa, a compression ratio of 15, and a high temperature of 1000ºC. The heat is rejected at 40°C. Using
The P-v diagram of an air-standard Ericsson cycle, shown in Fig. 9.43, operates with a minimum pressure of 60 kPa and a maximum pressure of 780 kPa. Heat is rejected at a constant temperature of
Calculate the thermal efficiency of an ideal Brayton cycle operating with air if the pressure ratio is i) 6, ii) 8, iii) 10.
What pressure ratio is needed for an ideal Brayton cycle operating with air to have an efficiency of i) 50%, ii) 60%, iii) 70%?
Air enters the gas turbine cycle of Fig. 9.44 at 25°C and 100 kPa with a flow rate of 1.2 kg/s. It is compressed so that the temperature at state 2 is 400°C. The temperature entering the
Rework Problem 9.37 except that the compressor exit temperature isa) 600°Cb) 800°C.Air enters the gas turbine cycle of Fig. 9.44 at 25°C and 100 kPa with a flow rate of 1.2 kg/s. It is
Determine the thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle of Problem 9.37 if the efficiency of the compressor and the efficiency of the turbine are both a) 85%, b) 80%, c) 70%. Maintain the same
The ideal diesel cycle operates with a compression ratio of 20 and inlet conditions of 20°C and 100 kPa. If the cutoff ratio is 2, the high temperature in the cycle is nearest:(A) 1710°C(B)
Assume that the efficiencies of the compressor and turbine of the ideal Brayton cycle shown in Fig. 9.45 are the same. What efficiency would cause the net work output to be zero for a high
Air enters a gas turbine cycle at 20°F and 14 psia. It is compressed to 98 psia. The high temperature is 1800°F. Assuming constant specific heats for the air and ideal conditions in all components,
For the cycle of Problem 9.41, find the cycle thermal efficiency if the compressor and turbine have respective isentropic efficiencies of a) 85% and 80%, b) 80% and 75%. Determine the percentage
Air enters the ideal regenerative Brayton cycle of Fig. 9.46 at 25°C and 100 kPa. The compressor raises the pressure to 500 kPa. The products of combustion leave the combustion chamber at
Rework Problem 9.43 except that the pressure ratio and maximum temperature are, respectively,a) 4 and 1200°C,b) 5 and 1400°C,c) 6 and 1600°C.Air enters the ideal regenerative Brayton
For the cycle of Problem 9.43, find the cycle thermal efficiency using respective turbine and compressor efficiencies of a) 92% and 85%, b) 87% and 80%, c) 83% and 75%.
Air enters the regenerative Brayton cycle of Fig. 9.47 cycle at 14 psia and 20°F. The pressure ratio is 4 and the maximum temperature is 1800ºF. Assuming an ideal cycle with constant
Repeat Problem 9.46 using turbine and compressor efficiencies of 0.85 and 75%, respectively.Air enters the regenerative Brayton cycle of Fig. 9.47 cycle at 14 psia and 20°F. The pressure ratio is
Insert two intercoolers in the regenerative ideal Brayton cycles of a) Problem 9.43, b) Problem 9.44b, c) Problem 9.44c. Calculate the cycle efficiency assuming ideal components and constant
The T-s diagram of a combined ideal Brayton-Rankine cycle is shown in Fig. 9.48. Air enters the isentropic compressor at 10°C and 100 kPa at state 5, with a mass flux of 8 kg/s. The pressure
The work output of the diesel cycle of Problem 9.4 is nearest:(A) 560 kJ/kg(B) 490 kJ/kg(C) 450 kJ/kg(D) 420 kJ/kgFigure 9.37
The basic layout of a combined Brayton-Rankine cycle is shown in Fig. 9.49. Air enters the isentropic compressor at 10°C and 100 kPa, with a mass flux of 30 kg/s. The pressure ratio for this
Air enters the ideal Brayton-Rankine combined cycle of Fig. 9.50 at 75°F and an atmospheric pressure of 15 psia. The compressor pressure ratio is 6. Exhaust leaves the gas turbine at 2000°F
The efficiency of the diesel cycle of Problem 9.4 is nearest:(A) 41%(B) 50%(C) 56%(D) 65%Figure 9.37
The ideal Brayton cycle operates with a pressure ratio of 6 and inlet conditions of 20°C and 100 kPa. The high temperature is 1800°C. The heat input to the cycle is nearest:(A) 1210 kJ/kg(B)
If both the compressor and the turbine of Problem 9.7 are 80% efficient, the cycle efficiency reduces to:(A) 27%(B) 31%(C) 35%(D) 39%Figure 9.38
An ideal refrigeration cycle uses R134a as the working fluid. The refrigerant enters the compressor at state 1, shown in Fig. 10.17, at 200 kPa as a saturated vapor_ It leaves the condenser as a
An ideal refrigeration cycle uses ammonia as the working fluid. The refrigerant enters the compressor at 120' kPa and the throttle at 1200 kPa. If it produces 12 tons of refrigeration, calculate: (i)
An ideal refrigeration cycle uses R134a as the working fluid. The refrigerant leaves the evaporator at 2 24SC and enters the throttle at 45 SC. If it produces 40 kl'S of heating, calculate: (i) The
An ideal refrigeration cycle, using R134a as the working fluid, operates between saturation temperatures of 2 208C and 508C. If the compressor requires 10 hp. calculate: (i) The mass flow rate (ii)
An ideal refrigeration cycle uses R134a as the working fluid. The known properties are: State 1: 160 kPa State 3: 608C. If the mass flux is 0.8 kg/s. calculate: (i) The lowest temperature in. the
An ideal air-conditioning system uses R134a as the refrigerant. The compressor has an inlet pressure of 20 psia and an exit pressure of 260 psia with a mass flow rate of 0.6 lbm/s.Refer to Fig. 10.17
The compressor in an ideal refrigeration cycle using R134a has an inlet pressure of 120 kPa. Referring to Fig. 104, state 1 has a quality of 1.0 and state 4 has a quality of 0.4. For a cooling load
The ideal air-conditioning system in Problem 10.16 is operated as a heat pump. Determine the heating load and the coefficient of performance.
An air conditioner using R134a as the refrigerant has a compressor exit temperature of 1608F and an exit pressure of 200 psia. The refrigerant enters the compressor at 20 psia and 0 SF. The condenser
A large refrigeration system uses ammonia as the refrigerant. The compressor, with an isentropic efficiency of 90%, requires 150 kW. The ammonia enters the compressor at 120 kPa as a saturated vapor
The refrigeration cycle shown in Fig. 10.18 used R134a as the working fluid. The following data were measured at each state:State 1: 120 kPa. x15 1.0 State 2: 1200 kPa, 60 8C State 3: 1190 kPa.58
A two-stage, ideal cascade refrigeration system shown in Fig. 10.19 and Fig. 10.20 uses R134a as the working fluid in both cycles. The mass flow rate through the first stage is 8 kg/min.The known
Replace the two-stage system of Problem 10.21 with an ideal single-stage system that produces the same cooling load. Determine the nunutium cycle temperature, the mass flow rate of the R134a. the
A two-stage, ideal cascade refrigeration system shown in Fig. 10.19 uses R134a as the working fluid in both cycles and replaces the ideal single-stage cycle of Problem 10.14. The mass flow rate
Replace the two-stage system of Problem 1023 with an ideal single-stage cycle that uses R134a and produces the same cooling load. Determine the maximum cycle temperature, the mass flow rate of the
An ideal two-stage cascade refrigeration system shown in Fig 10, 19 uses 0.8 kg/s of R134a as the working fluid in the first cycle and ammonia as the working fluid in the second cycle. Use Eq. 10A
An ideal three-stage cascade system uses R134a in all three cycles with a low pressure of 100 kPa and a high pressure of 1000 kPa and with intermediate pressures of 200 kPa and 600 kPa. The mass flux
Carbon dioxide is used in the ideal-gas refrigeration system of Fig. 10.21. The gas enters the compressor at 150 kPa and 2 158C. The gas leaves the compressor at 1.2 MPa. The CO2 ewers the turbine at
Air from a jet engine intake is diverted to an ideal-gas air-conditioning system at 100 kPa and 2 208C. as shown in Fig. 10.21. The air leaves the compressor at 600 kPa. The air enters the turbine at
Air enters an ideal reverse Brayton cycle air conditioner at 14.7 psia and 35 8F with a mass flux of 4 lbtrils. The compressor has a pressure ratio of 4. The temperature at the inlet of the turbine
The T-s diagram in Fig. 10.15 indicates an ideal refrigeration cycle operating between 120 kPa and 1200 kPa. If R134a is the refrigerant, the compression work is nearest:(a) 42 klilcg(b) 47 kJ/kg(c)
The cooling load of the refrigeration cycle of Problems 10.3 is nearest:(a) 118 kJ/kg
The compressor of the cycle of Problem 10.3 is 85% efficient. and if that is the only loss considered, the percentage drop in the COP would be nearest:(a) 2 388C (b) 2 468C (c) 2 598C (d) 2 678C
The ideal gas air-conditioning cycle, shown in Fig 10.16, operates with air as the refrigerant. The compressor inlets air at 80 kPa and 08C and operates with a pressure ratio of 7. If the temperature
The COP of the gas air-conditioning cycle of Problem 10.7 is nearest:(a) 0.29 (b) 1.05 (c) 1.34 (d) 1.98
A classroom measures 30 m by 10 m and is 3 m in height. If the temperature is 20 8C and the humidity is 60%, the amount of water in the air is nearest: (A) 6.9 kg (B) 7.1 kg (C) 8.7 kg (D)
The temperature is 20 8C and the humidity is 80% in a classroom that measures 30 m by 10 m by 3 m in height. If the temperature is reduced to 10 8C with an air conditioner, the amount of water that
For which of the following conditions can water vapor be treated as an ideal gas? i) 30 8C and 4 kPa, ii) 200 8C and 120 kPa, and iii) 600 8C and 2000 kPa. Use the IRC Calculator. Comment as to
A mixture of 4 kg of water vapor and 96 kg of dry air exists at 100 kPa and 25 8C in a 10-m3 volume. Determine the molar mass of the mixture and the volume occupied by the vapor. This represents very
Calculate the mole fraction of each component and the gas constant of the mixture for each of the following mixtures: a) 4 kg N2, 1 kg O2, 3 kg CO2 b) 4 kg N2, 1 kg CH2, 3 kg NH3 c) 5 kg air, 3 kg
Calculate the mass fraction and mole fraction of each component and the gas constant of the mixture for each of the following mixtures: a) 2 lbm N2, 3 lbm O2, 5 lbm CO2 b) 3 lbmol CH4, 4 lbmol N2,
An analysis of a mixture of gases indicates 50% N2, 40% O2, and 10% CO2 at 120 kPa and 40 8C. Determine the mixture's gas constant and how many kilograms would be contained in 4 m3 if the analysis is
Atmospheric air is assumed to be composed of two ideal gases: dry air and water vapor. If 100 kg of humid atmospheric air contains 97 kg of dry air and 3 kg of water vapor (an extremely moist
Mars has the following molar composition per mole of its atmosphere: Carbon dioxide ........................ 0.955 Nitrogen ................................. 0.027 Argon
A tank contains 50 kg of nitrogen and 50 kg of carbon dioxide. Calculate the mole fraction of each component and the molecular mass of the mixture. What is the gas constant for this mixture?
The average air pressure on Mars is 600 Pa. For the composition described in Problem 11.18, determine the partial pressure of each constituent.
If the tank in Problem 11.19 has a volume of 40 m3 and the contents are at 20 8 C, calculate the total pressure in the tank. What are the partial pressures of the nitrogen and carbon dioxide?
A gas mixture of 10 lbm of oxygen and 15 lbm of carbon dioxide are contained in the cylinder of Fig. 11.25 at a pressure of 60 psia. Calculate:i) The mass fraction of each component ii) The mole

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