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Latest Posted Questions
a. State four examples of situations in which an auditor might wantto use the services of a specialist outside the auditor's firm. b. What should an auditor do before relying on the work of a...
a. What is the composition of a typical audit team? b. Is it ever appropriate to accept an engagement in which the members of the proposed audit team do not possess all the expertise needed to...
a. Why is it essential for auditors to determine whether they have the competence to complete an engagement before accepting it? b. What is involved in making this determination?
Before accepting an audit engagement, the auditor should identify special circumstances and unusual risks. a. Why is it important to identify the intended users of financial statements? b. Why should...
a. State the steps involved in accepting an audit engagement. b. Contrast the manner in which the auditor can evaluate the integrity of management between a new and a recurring audit engagement.
a. Indicate which categories of the generally accepted auditing standards apply to each phase of the audit. b. Identify other environmental factors that have an impact on the phases of an audit.
a. Who owns and maintains custody of the working papers? b. Is it ever appropriate for the auditor to disclose the contents of working papers to anyone other than the client?
Identify two categories of working paper files and differentiate the contents of each.
Describe five essential techniques of good working paper preparation.
Identify four major types of working papers.
Pro-Tex Company is a wholesale distributor of professional equipment and supplies. The company's sales have averaged about \($900,000\) annually for the three-year period 19X3-19X5. The firm's total...
Over the past two decades, increasing recognition has been given to the importance of analytical procedures in performing financial statement audits. Their use has been required since SAS 56 became...
a. Describe the types of calculations and comparisons commonly used in analytical procedures. b. What premise underlies the use of analytical procedures in auditing? c. Identify five sources of...
a. How can analytical procedures assist the auditor in audit planning? b. List the steps involved in the effective use of analytical procedures in the planning phase.
a. State three uses of analytical procedures in an audit engagement. b. Which uses are required on all audits?
In addition to currently effective SFASs and SASs, what other types of pronouncements should be considered for their potential impact on an audit engagement?
a. Why is it important for the auditor to identify related parties in the planning phase of the audit? b. Give three examples of transactions involving related parties. c. What specific auditing...
Dodd, CPA, audited Adams Company's financial statements for the year ended December 31,19X8. On November 1,19X9, Adams notified Dodd that it was changing auditors and that Dodd's services were being...
Kent, CPA, is engaged in the audit of Davidson Corp.'s financial statements for the year ended December 31,19X9. Kent is about to commence auditing Davidson's employee pension expense, but Kent's...
a. What specific information should an auditor seek to obtain from taking a tour of the client's operations? b. What is the purpose of having the auditor communicate with the audit committee in the...
a. What information about a client is essential in audit planning? b. What procedures may be used by the auditor to acquire the information?
a. Define inherent risk. b. When might an auditor choose to forego assessing inherent risk for an assertion?
a. Identify two factors the auditor should consider in allocating financial statement materiality to accounts. b. If the amount of error found in an account is less than its materiality allocation,...
a. Define materiality at the account-balance level. b. What is another name for materiality at this level? c. Distinguish between the terms material account balance and materiality.
a. Flow do qualitative considerations relate to making materiality judgments? b. A misstatement that is quantitatively immaterial may be qualitatively material. Explain.
a. What official quantitative guidelines exist for financial statement materiality? b. State five quantitative guidelines commonly used in practice.
a. In audit planning, the auditor should recognize that there may be more than one level of materiality relating to the financial statements. Explain, b. What decision rule should be used when...
State the two levels at which preliminary judgments of materiality should be made in the planning phase and state the reason for each.
Choose an industry of interest to you. Assume that you have just received your first audit assignment as a staff assistant on an audit engagement for a client in this industry. Eager to show your...
A major part of audit planning is selecting an appropriate audit strategy for obtaining sufficient competent evidence for each significant financial statement assertion. These strategies are based on...
a. Identify four components of audit strategies. b. Contrast the four components of audit strategies under the primarily substantive approach versus the lower assessed level of control risk approach.
a. What is a preliminary audit strategy? b. Name two alternative audit strategies.
Generally, the auditor specifies an overall audit risk level for the financial statements as a whole and then uses that same level for each assertion. However, the levels of inherent, control, and...
a. What is the audit risk model and when is it used? b. What is a risk components matrix and when is it used?
What is the relationship among the audit risk components?
a. Define detection risk. b. What influences the actual level of detection risk for an assertion?
a. Define control risk. b. Can control risk be zero? Explain. c. What must the auditor do to support a lower assessed level of control risk?
Match the following \(14 \frac{1^{\circ}}{2}\) deg composite system of gears List I A. Dedendum List II 1. 2/P B. Clearance 2. 0.157/P C. Working depth 3. 1.157/P D. Addendum 4. 1/P Codes: A B C (a)...
Under logarithmic decrement, the amplitude of successive vibrations are (a) constant (b) in arithmetic progression (c) in geometric progression (d) in logarithmic progression.
The sense of Coriolis component \(2 \mathrm{Vw}\) is the same as that of the relative velocity vector \(V\) rotated. (a) \(45^{\circ}\) in the direction of rotation of the link containing the path...
Inversion of a mechanism is (a) changing of a higher pair to lower pair (b) obtained by fixing different links in a kinematic chain (c) turning it upside down (d) obtained by reversing the input and...
In full depth \(14 \frac{1^{\circ}}{2}\) degree involute system, the smallest number of teeth in a pinion which meshes with rack with out interference is (a) 12 (b) 16 (c) 25 (d) 32.
The danger of breakage and vibration is maximum (a) below critical speed (b) near critical speed (c) above critical speed (d) none of the above.
Scotch yoke mechanism is used to generate (a) sine functions (b) square roots (c) logarithms (d) inversions.
Each year, the AICPA issues a general audit risk alert document and a number of industry audit risk alerts. If you can obtain access to a current copy of either the general alert or one of the...
Which of the following are inversions of a double slider crank chain? 1). Whitworth return motion 2). Scotch Yoke 3). Oldham's Coupling 4). Rotary engine Select correct answer using the codes given...
Which of the following statement is correct: 1). If a rotor is statically balanced it is always dynamically balanced also 2). If a rotor is dynamically balanced, it must be statically balanced 3). If...
In which of the following case, the turning moment diagram will have least variations: (a) Double acting steam engine (b) Four stroke single cylinder petrol engine (c) 8 cylinder, 4 stroke diesel...
Mitre gears (a) spur-gears with gear ratio \(1: 1\) (b) Skew gears connecting non-parallel and non-intersecting shafts (c) Bevel gears transmitting power at more than or less than \(90^{\circ}\) (d)...
Match the following: List I (Dynamometer) A. Torsion dynamometer B. Tesla fluid friction dynamometer C. Prony brake D. Swinging field dynamometer List II (Characteristics) 1). High speeds and low...
In Oldham's coupling the condition for maximum speed ratio is (a) \(\frac{\omega_{1}}{\omega}=\cos \alpha\) (b) \(\frac{\omega_{1}}{\omega}=\sin \alpha\) (c) \(\frac{\omega_{1}}{\omega}=\frac{1}{\cos...
A certain machine requires a torque of \((500+50 \sin 2 \theta) \mathrm{kN} \cdot \mathrm{m}\) to drive it, where \(\theta\) is the angle of rotation of shaft measured from certain datum. The machine...
In a slider-bar mechanism, when does the connecting rod have zero angular velocity? (a) When crank angle \(=0^{\circ}\) (b) When crank angle \(=90^{\circ}\) (c) When crank angle \(=45^{\circ}\) (d)...
If \(\alpha=\) helix angle, and \(p_{c}=\) circular pitch; then which one of the following correctly expresses the axial pitch of a helical gear? (a) \(p_{c} \cos \alpha\) (b) \(\frac{p_{c}}{\cos...
Consider the following follower motions in respect of a given lift, speed of rotation and angle of stroke of a cam: 1). Cycloidal motion 2). Simple harmonic motion 3). Uniform velocity motion Which...
\(A B C D\) is a four-bar mechanism in which \(A B=30 \mathrm{~cm}\) and \(C D=45 \mathrm{~cm} . A B\) and \(C D\) are both perpendicular to fixed link \(A D\), as shown in the Fig.1. If velocity of...
Consider the following statements: Coriolis component of acceleration depends on 1). velocity of slider 2). angular velocity of the link 3). acceleration of slider 4). angular acceleration of link Of...
The controlling force curves for a spring-controlled governor are shown in the below Fig.69. Which curve represents a stable governor? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4. Controlling force Radius rotation...
What is the direction of the Coriolis components of acceleration in a slotted lever-crank mechanism? (a) Along the sliding velocity vector (b) Along the direction of the crank (c) Along a line...
Interference between the teeth of two meshing involute gears can be reduced or eliminated by 1). Increasing the addendum of the gear teeth and correspondingly reducing the addendum of the pinion 2)....
Which one of the following is the correct statement? In meshing gears with involute gear teeth, the contact begins at the intersection of the (a) line of action and the addendum circle of the driven...
The turning moment diagram for a single cylinder double acting steam engine consists of +ve and -ve loops above and below the average torque line. For the +ve loop, the ratio of the speeds of the...
For a three-cylinder radial engine, the primary and direct reverse cranks are as shown in the below Fig. 70. \((\mathrm{W}=\) Weight of reciprocating parts per cylinder). Which one of the following...
What is the condition for dynamic balancing of a shaft-rotor system? (a) \(\Sigma M=0\) and \(\Sigma F=0\) (b) \(\Sigma M=0\) (c) \(\Sigma F=0\) (d) \(\Sigma M+\Sigma F=0\).
For a governor running at constant speed, what is the value of the force acting on the sleeve? (a) Zero (b) Variable depending upon the load (c) Maximum (d) Minimum.
A uniform bar, fixed at one end carries a heavy concentrated mass at the other end. The system is executing longitudinal vibrations. The inertia of the bar may be taken into account by which one of...
A rolling disc of radius ' \(r\) ' and mass ' \(m\) ' is connected to one end of a linear spring of stiffness ' \(k\) ', as shown in the below Fig.71. The natural frequency of oscillation is given by...
A motion is aperiodic at what value of the damping factor? (a) 1.0 or above (b) 0.5 (c) 0.3 (d) 0.866 .
In the compound gear train shown in the below Fig.72, gears \(A\) and \(C\) have equal numbers of teeth and gears \(B\) and \(D\) have equal numbers of teeth. When \(A\) rotates at \(800...
A force ' \(F\) ' is to be transmitted through a square threaded power screw into a nut. If ' \(t\) ' is the height of the nut and ' \(d\) ' is the minor diameter, then which one of the following is...
Which one of the following statements relating to belt drives is correct? (a) The rotational speeds of the pulleys are directly proportional to their diameters (b) The length of the crossed belt...
In a \(6 \times 20\) wire rope, number 6 indicates the (a) diameter of the wire rope in \(\mathrm{mm}\) (b) number of strands in the wire rope (c) number of wires (d) gauge number of the wire.
In case of a multiple disc clutch, if \(n_{1}\) is the number of discs on the driving shaft and \(n_{2}\) is the number of discs on the driven shaft, then what is the number of pairs of contact...
Common contact ratio of a pair of spur pinion and gear is (a) less than 1.0 (b) equal to 1 (c) between 2 and 3 (d) greater than 3 .
Consider the following statements: 1). One way of improving vibration isolation is to decrease the mass of the vibrating object 2). For effective isolation, the natural frequency of the system should...
Maximum angular velocity of the connecting rod with a crank to connecting rod ratio 1:5 for crank speed of \(3000 \mathrm{rpm}\) is around: (a) \(300 \mathrm{rad} / \mathrm{s}\) (b) \(60 \mathrm{rad}...
Gearing contact is which one of the following? (a) Sliding contact (b) Sliding contact, only rolling at pitch point (c) Rolling contact (d) Rolling and sliding at each point of contact.
Under service conditions involving jurking, vibration and pulsation of the working load, the bolt of choice would be a (a) short bolt with high rigidity (b) long bolt with increased elasticity (c)...
The Fig. 73 below shows the schematic of an automobile having a mass of \(900 \mathrm{~kg}\) and the suspension spring constant of \(81 \times 40^{4} \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}\). If it travels at a...
Which mechanism produces intermittent rotary motion from continuous rotary motion? (a) Whitworth mechanism (b) Scotch Yoke mechanism (c) Geneva mechanism (d) Elliptical trammel.
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists: List I (Principle/method) A. Klein's construction B. Kennedy's theorem C. D'Alembert's principle D....
Which of the following in-line engines working on four-stroke cycle is completely balanced inherently? (a) 2 cylinder engine (b) 3 cylinder engine (c) 4 cylinder engine (d) 6 cylinder engine.
For roller chain drive with sprocket having 10 teeth, the velocity of the driven shaft with respect to that of drive will be approximately (a) same (b) \(5 \%\) above (c) \(5 \%\) below (d) \(5 \%\)...
The given Fig. 75 shows a slider crank mechanism in which link 1 is fixed. The number of instantaneous centres would be (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 12 . 3 2 4 Fig.75 1
Which one of the following mechanisms represents an inversion of the single slider crank chain? (a) Elliptical trammel (b) Oldham's coupling (c) Whitworth quick return mechanism (d) Pantograph...
At a given instant, a disc is spinning with angular velocity \(\omega\) in a plane at right angles to the paper (see the Fig.74) and after a short interval of time \(\delta\) t, it is spinning with...
Match List I (Type of Governor) with List II (Characteristics) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List I A. Isochronous governor B. Sensitive governor C. Hunting...
The height \(h\) of Porter governor with equal arms pivoted at equal distance from axis of rotation is expressed as (where \(m=\) mass of balls of the governor, \(M=\) mass of sleeve of the governor...
If two parallel shafts are to be connected and the distance between the axes of shafts is small and variable, then one would need to use (a) a clutch (b) a universal joint (c) an Oldham's coupling...
Consider the following statements: The Klein's construction for slider crank mechanism with crank rotating at constant angular velocity provides values of 1). piston velocity 2). piston acceleration...
Consider the following statements relating to the curve for the inertia torque \(v / s\) crank angle for a horizontal, single cylinder petrol engine shown in the given Fig.76: 1)....
A rack is a gear of (a) infinite diameter (b) infinite module (c) zero pressure angle (d) large pitch.
A shaft, supported on two bearings at its ends, carries two flywheels ' \(L\) ' apart. Mass moment of inertia of the two flywheels are \(I_{a}\) and \(I_{b}\), I being the polar moment of inertia of...
Two vibratory systems are shown in the given Fig.77 (1 and 2). The ratio of the natural frequency of longitudinal vibration of the second system to that of the first is (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.25 ....
A uniform cantilever beam undergoes transverse vibrations. The number of natural frequencies associated with the beam is (a) 1 (b) 10 (c) 100 (d) infinite.
Consider the following statements: An in-line four-cylinder four-stroke engine is completely balanced for 1). primary forces 2). secondary forces 3). primary couples 4). secondary couples Of these...
The block diagram of an automatic control system is shown in the following Fig. 78. Its simplified form will be as in (a) R GG2 C 1+GH (c) R G-G + 1+GH H Fig.78 (b) R G2-G C 1+GH (d) R G+G2 C 1+GH
The maximum efficiency for spiral gears in mesh is given by (where \(\theta=\) shaft angle and \(\phi=\) friction angle) (a) \(\frac{1+\cos (\theta-\phi)}{1+\cos (\theta+\phi)}\) (b) \(\frac{1+\cos...
Consider the following statements in respect of a body executing simple harmonic motion: 1). Periodic time is the time for one complete revolution 2). The acceleration is directed towards the centre...
A simplified turning moment diagram of a four-stroke engine is shown in the given Fig.80. If the mean torque ' \(T_{m}\) ' is \(10 \mathrm{Nm}\), the estimated peak torque ' \(T_{p}\) ' will be...
In a reciprocating engine mechanism, the crank and connecting rod of same length \(r\) metres are at right angles to each-other at a given instant, when the crank makes an angle of \(45^{\circ}\)...
A spring of stiffness ' \(k\) ' extended from a displacement \(x_{1}\) to a displacement \(x_{2}\). The work done by the spring is (a) \(\frac{1}{2} k x_{1}^{2}-\frac{1}{2} k x_{2}^{2}\) (b)...
If reduction ratio of about 50 is required in a gear drive, then the most appropriate gearing would be (a) spur gears (b) bevel gears (c) double helical gears (d) worm and worm wheel.
A four-bar mechanism \(A B C D\) is shown in the given Fig.79. If the linear velocity ' \(V_{B}\) ' of the point ' \(B\) ' is \(0.5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), then the linear velocity ' \(V\) ' of...
The height of a simple Watt governor running at a speed ' \(\mathrm{N}\) ' is proportional to (a) \(\mathrm{N}\) (b) \(\frac{1}{\mathrm{~N}}\) (c) \(\mathrm{N}^{2}\) (d) \(\frac{1}{\mathrm{~N}^{2}}\).
The given Fig. 81 shows vibrations of a mass ' \(M\) ' isolated by means of springs and a damper. If an external force ' \(F\) ' \((=A \sin \omega \mathrm{t})\) acts on the mass and the damper is not...
The primary direct crank of a reciprocating engine is located at an angle \(\theta\) clockwise. The secondary direct crank will be located at an angle (a) \(2 \theta\) clockwise (b) \(2 \theta\)...
Two rotors are mounted on a shaft. If the unbalanced force due to one rotor is equal in magnitude to the unbalanced force due to the other rotor, but positioned exactly \(180^{\circ}\) apart, then...
The controlling force curve of spring-loaded governor is given by the equation \(F=a r-c\), (where \(r\) is the radius of rotation of the governor balls and \ (a, c\) are constants). The governor is...
The given Fig. 82 shows a/an (a) locked chain (b) constrained kinematic chain (c) unconstrained kinematic chain (d) mechanism. Fig.82
The characteristic equation of a closed-loop automatic control system in time domain is given by \[ D^{5}+2 D^{4}+4 D^{2}+D+1=0 \] Consider the following statements in this regard: 1). The system is...
The rotor of a turbine is generally rotated at (a) the critical speed (b) a speed much below the critical speed (c) a speed much above the critical speed (d) a speed having no relation to critical...
In a forced vibrations with viscous damping, maximum amplitude occurs when the forced frequency is (a) equal to natural frequency (b) slightly less than natural frequency (c) slightly greater than...
The transmitted force through a mass-spring damper system will be greater than that transmitted through rigid supports for all values of damping factors, if the frequency ratio...
The amount of energy absorbed by a flywheel is determined from the (a) torque-crank angle diagram (b) acceleration-crank angle diagram (c) speed-space diagram (d) speed-energy diagram.
To carry a large axial load in a flat collar bearing, a number of collars is provided to (a) reduce frictional torque (b) increase frictional torque (c) decrease intensity of pressure (d) increase...
Which one the following is the lubrication regime during normal operation of a rolling element bearing? (a) Hydrodynamic lubrication (b) Hydrostatic lubrication (c) Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (d)...
If the number of teeth on the wheel rotating at \(300 \mathrm{rpm}\) is 90 , then the number of teeth on the mating pinion rotating at \(1500 \mathrm{rpm}\) is (a) 15 (b) 18 (c) 20 (d) 60 .
The pressure angle of a spur gear normally varies from (a) \(14^{\circ}\) to \(20^{\circ}\) (b) \(20^{\circ}\) to \(25^{\circ}\) (c) \(30^{\circ}\) to \(36^{\circ}\) (d) \(40^{\circ}\) to...
An imaginary circle which by pure rolling action, gives the same motion as the actual gear, is called (a) addendum circle (b) pitch circle (c) dedendum circle (d) base circle.
In a four-link kinematic chain, the relation between the number of links \((L)\) and number of pairs \((J)\) is (a) \(L=2 J+4\) (b) \(L=2 J-4\) (C) \(L=4 J+2\) (d) \(L=4 J-2\).
A pulley and belt in a belt drive form a (a) cylindrical pair (b) turning pair (c) rolling pair (d) sliding pair
In a simple spring mass vibrating system, the natural frequency \(\omega_{n}\) of the system is \((k\) is spring stiffness, \(m\) is mass and \(m_{s}\) is spring mass) (a)...
A viscous damping system with free vibrations will be critically damped if the damping factor is (a) zero (b) less than one (c) equal to one (d) greater than one.
A rigid rotor consists of a system of two masses located as shown in the given Fig.83. The system is (a) statically balanced (b) dynamically balanced (c) statically unbalanced (d) both statically and...
Sensitiveness of a governor is defined as the ratio of the (a) maximum equilibrium speed to the minimum equilibrium speed (b) difference between maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds to the mean...
The balancing weights are introduced in planes parallel to the plane of rotation of the disturbing mass. To obtain complete dynamic balance, the minimum number of balancing weights to be introduced...
The stiffness of spring \(k\) used in the Hartnell governor as shown in the given Fig. 84 ( \(F_{1}\) and \(F_{2}\) are centrifugal forces at maximum and minimum radii of rotation \(r_{1}\) and...
Match List I (Terms) with List II (Definitions) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists: List I A. Module B. Addendum C. Circular pitch List II 1. Radial distance of a...
Consider the following statements: 1). In forced vibrations, the body vibrates under the influence of an applied force 2). In damped vibrations, amplitude reduces over every cycle of vibration 3). In...
Consider the following methods: 1). Energy method 2). Equilibrium method 3). Rayleigh's method Which of these methods can be used for determining the natural frequency of the free vibrations? (a) 1...
The equivalent spring stiffness for the system shown in the given Fig. 85 ( \(S\) is the spring stiffness of each of the three springs) is (a) \(\frac{S}{2}\) (b) \(\frac{S}{3}\) (c) \(\frac{2...
Consider the following statements: The unbalanced force in a single-cylinder reciprocating engine is 1). equal to inertia force of the reciprocating masses 2). equal to gas force 3). always fully...
Consider the following statements: If the fluctuation of speed during a cycle is \(\pm 5 \%\) of mean speed of a flywheel, the coefficient of fluctuation of speed will 1). increase with increase of...
Rope brake dynamometer uses (a) water as lubricant (b) oil as lubricant (c) grease as lubricant (d) no lubricant.
Minimum number of teeth for involute rack and pinion arrangement for pressure angle of \(20^{\circ}\) is (a) 18 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 34 .
Consider the following specifications of gears A. B. C and D: Which of these gears form the pair of spur gears to achieve a gear ratio of 3 ? (a) A and B (b) A and D (c) \(\mathrm{B}\) and...
The below Fig. 86 shows a four bar mechanism. If the radial acceleration of the point \(C\) is \(5 \mathrm{~cm} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\), the length of the link \(C D\) is (a) \(2 \mathrm{~cm}\) (b) \(10...
Which one of the following "Kinematic pairs" has 3 degrees of freedom between the pairing elements? (a) (b) 2 1 (d) 2 2
A slider sliding at \(10 \mathrm{~cm} / \mathrm{s}\) on a link which is rotating at \(60 \mathrm{rpm}\). is subjected to Corioli's acceleration of magnitude (a) \(40 \pi^{2} \mathrm{~cm} /...
Match List I (Mechanism) with List II (Name) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List I (Mechanism) A. Mechanism used to reproduce a diagram to an enlarged or reduced...
Consider the following necessary and sufficient conditions for replacing a rigid body by a dynamical equivalent system of two masses: 1). Total mass must be equal to that of the rigid body 2). Sum of...
The velocity of sliding of meshing gear teeth is (a) \(\left(\omega_{1} \times \omega_{2} ight) x\) (b) \(\frac{\omega_{1}}{\omega_{2}} x\) (c) \(\left(\omega_{1} \times \omega_{2} ight) x\) (d)...
Whirling speed of shaft is the speed at which (a) shaft tends to vibrate in longitudinal direction (b) torsional vibrations occur (c) shaft tends to vibrate vigorously in transverse direction (d)...
Hammer blow (a) is the maximum horizontal unbalanced force caused by the mass provided to balance the reciprocating masses (b) is the maximum vertical unbalanced force caused by the mass added to...
With usual notations for different parameters involved, the maximum fluctuation of energy for a flywheel is given by (a) \(2 E C_{s}\) (b) \(\frac{E C_{s}}{2}\) (c) \(2 E C_{s}^{2}\) (d) \(2 E^{2}...
The frictional torque transmitted in a flat pivot bearing, assuming uniform wear, is (a) \(\mu W R\) (b) \(\frac{3}{4} \mu W R\) (c) \(\frac{2}{3} \mu W R\) (d) \(\frac{1}{2} \mu W R\). (where...
Consider the following mechanisms: 1). Oscillating cylinder engine mechanism 2). Toggle mechanism 3). Radial cylinder engine mechanism 4). Quick Return Mechanism Which of the above are inversions of...
Sketch the general characteristics of a low-pass filter, a high-pass filter, and a band-pass filter.
Describe the difference between an active filter and a passive filter. What is the primary advantage of an active filter?
Consider the following statements: Coriolis acceleration component appears in the acceleration analysis of the following planar mechanisms: 1). Whitworth quick-return mechanism 2). Slider-crank...
Consider the following statements: 1). Critical or whirling speed of the shaft is the speed at which it tends to vibrate violently in the transverse direction 2). To find the natural frequency of a...
Consider the following statements: 1). When frequency ratio is \( <2\), the force transmitted to the foundations is more than the exicting force 2). When frequency ratio is \(>2\), the force...
When the system is given a constant angular velocity rather than an angular displacement, it is known as (a) step function input (b) harmonic input (c) unit step displacement (d) variable input.
A speed reducer unit consists of a double-threaded worm of pitch \(=11 \mathrm{~mm}\) and a worm wheel of pitch diameter \(=84 \mathrm{~mm}\). The ratio of the output torque to the input torque is...
Explain the two basic principles that must be satisfied in an oscillator circuit.
Sketch a one-pole low-pass switched-capacitor filter circuit.
Describe how a capacitor in conjunction with two switching transistors can behave as a resistor.
What characteristic defines a Butterworth filter?
Consider a low-pass filter. What is the slope of the roll-off with frequency for a (a) one-pole filter, (b) two-pole filter, (c) three-pole filter, and (d) four-pole filter?
Describe and explain the operation of a phase-shift oscillator.
What is meant by bistable and astable circuits?
Sketch the circuit and characteristics of a basic inverting Schmitt trigger.
Describe and explain the operation of a Wien-bridge oscillator.
Sketch a bridge power amplifier and describe its operation.
Describe how an op-amp in conjunction with a class-AB output stage can be used as a power amplifier.
Sketch the circuit and explain the operation of a Schmitt trigger oscillator.
What is the primary advantage of a Schmitt trigger circuit.
Sketch the basic circuit block diagram of a voltage regulator and explain the principle of operation.
Sketch the basic circuit of a series-pass voltage regulator.
Define load regulation of a voltage regulator.
The specification in a high-pass Butterworth filter design is that the voltage transfer function magnitude at \(f=0.9 f_{3 \mathrm{~dB}}\) is \(6 \mathrm{~dB}\) below the maximum value. Determine the...
Consider a Butterworth low-pass filter. Determine the reduction in gain (in \(\mathrm{dB}\) ) at \(f=1.5 f_{3 \mathrm{~dB}}\) for a (a) two-pole, (b) three-pole, (c) four-pole, and (d) five-pole...
(a) Design a single-pole high-pass filter with a gain of 8 in the passband and a \(3 \mathrm{~dB}\) frequency of \(30 \mathrm{kHz}\). The maximum resistance is to be \(210 \mathrm{k} \Omega\). (b)...
(a) Design a two-pole high-pass Butterworth active filter with a cutoff frequency at \(f_{3 \mathrm{~dB}}=25 \mathrm{kHz}\) and a unity gain magnitude at high frequency. (b) Determine the magnitude...
A high-pass Butterworth filter is to be designed with a cutoff frequency of \(f_{3 \mathrm{~dB}}=4 \mathrm{kHz}\). The gain magnitude is to be reduced by \(12 \mathrm{~dB}\) at \(f=3 \mathrm{kHz}\)...
A low-pass Butterworth filter is to be designed such that the magnitude of the voltage transfer function at \(f=1.2 f_{3 \mathrm{~dB}}\) is \(14 \mathrm{~dB}\) below the maximum gain value. Determine...
Starting with the general transfer function given by Equation (15.7), derive the relationship between \(R_{1}\) and \(R_{2}\) in the two-pole high-pass Butterworth active filter. Equation 15.7:- T(s)...
(a) Design a three-pole low-pass Butterworth active filter with a cutoff frequency at \(f_{3 \mathrm{~dB}}=20 \mathrm{kHz}\) and a unity gain magnitude at low frequency. (b) Determine the magnitude...
Consider a high-pass Butterworth filter. Determine the ratio of the gain magnitude (in \(\mathrm{dB}\) ) of the filter at a frequency \(f=0.8 f_{3 \mathrm{~dB}}\) compared to the high-frequency value...
A low-pass filter is to be designed to pass frequencies in the 0 to \(12 \mathrm{kHz}\) range. The gain of the amplifier is to be +10 at the low frequency and change by no more than 10 percent over...
A band-reject filter may be designed by combining a low-pass filter and a high-pass filter with a summing amplifier. A \(60 \mathrm{~Hz}\) signal is to be at least \(-50 \mathrm{~dB}\) below the...
An amplitude-modulated radio signal consists of an \(80 \mathrm{~Hz}\) to \(12 \mathrm{kHz}\) audio signal superimposed on a \(770 \mathrm{kHz}\) carrier signal. A low-pass filter is to be designed...
Design a special type of first-order filter (one capacitor) in which the gain magnitude is 25 for frequencies less than approximately \(25 \mathrm{kHz}\) and is 1 for frequencies greater than...
Consider a low-pass Butterworth filter. Determine the ratio of the gain magnitude (in \(\mathrm{dB}\) ) of the filter at a frequency \(f=1.4 f_{3 \mathrm{~dB}}\) compared to the lowfrequency value...
Consider the bandpass filter in Figure P15.15. (a) Show that the voltage transfer function is \[A_{v}(s)=\frac{v_{O}}{v_{I}}=\frac{-1 / R_{4}}{\left(1 / R_{1} ight)+s C+1 /\left(s C R_{2} R_{3}...
Consider the circuit in Figure P15.16. (a) Derive the expressions for the magnitude and phase of the voltage transfer function. (b) Plot the phase versus frequency for \(R=10 \mathrm{k} \Omega\) and...
For each of the circuits in Figures P15.17, derive the expressions for the voltage transfer function \(T(s)=V_{o}(s) / V_{i}(s)\) and the cutoff frequency \(f_{3 \mathrm{~dB}}\). R www Figure P15.17...
The circuit in Figure P15.18 is a bandpass filter. (a) Derive the expression for the voltage transfer function \(T(s)\). (b) If \(R_{1}=10 \mathrm{k} \Omega\), determine \(R_{2}, C_{1}\), and...
The clock frequency in the switched-capacitor circuit in Figure 15.12 (a) is \(f_{C}=50 \mathrm{kHz}\). Find the equivalent resistance that is simulated when (a) \(C=0.5 \mathrm{pF}\), (b) \(C=2...
A simple bandpass filter can be designed by cascading one-pole high-pass and one-pole low-pass filters. Using op-amp circuits similar to those in Figure 15.3, design a bandpass filter with cutoff...
In the switched-capacitor circuit in Figure 15.12(a), the voltages are \(V_{1}=2 \mathrm{~V}\) and \(V_{2}=1 \mathrm{~V}\), the capacitor value is \(C=10 \mathrm{pF}\), and the clock frequency is...
Consider the switched-capacitor filter in Figure 15.13(b). Design the circuit for a low-frequency gain of -10 and a cutoff frequency of \(10 \mathrm{kHz}\). The clock frequency must be 10 times the...
Consider the phase shift oscillator in Figure 15.15. (a) For \(R=20 \mathrm{k} \Omega\) and \(C=0.001 \mu \mathrm{F}\), determine the frequency of oscillation. What is the required value of \(R_{2}\)...
The circuit in Figure P15.23 is a switched-capacitor integrator. Let \(C_{F}=\) \(30 \mathrm{pF}\) and \(C_{1}=5 \mathrm{pF}\), and assume the clock frequency is \(100 \mathrm{kHz}\). Also, let...
In the phase-shift oscillator in Figure 15.15, the capacitor at the noninverting terminal of op-amp \(A_{1}\) is replaced by a variable capacitor \(C_{V}\). (a) Derive the expression for the...
Consider the phase shift oscillator in Figure 15.16. (a) Determine the frequency of oscillation for \(R=12 \mathrm{k} \Omega\) and \(C=150 \mathrm{pF}\). What is the required value of \(R_{2}\) ? (b)...
Analyze the phase-shift oscillator in Figure 15.16. Show that the frequency of oscillation is given by Equation (15.46) and that the condition for oscillation is given by Equation (15.47). C C C R ww...
The circuit in Figure P15.28 is an alternative configuration of a phaseshift oscillator. (a) Assume that \(R_{1}=R_{2}=R_{3}=R_{A_{1}}=R_{A_{2}}=R_{A_{3}} \equiv R\) and \(C_{1}=C_{2}=C_{3} \equiv...
In the circuit in Figure P15.28, let \(R_{F 1}=R_{F 2}=R_{F 3} \equiv R_{F}\), \(R_{2}=R_{3}=R_{A 1}=R_{A 2}=R_{A 3} \equiv R, C_{1}=C_{2}=C_{3} \equiv C\), and let \(R_{1}\) be a variable resistance...
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