(a) For a parametric curve x = x (t), y = y (t), derive the formula k = | xy €“ xy| / [x2 + y2]3/2 where the dots indicate derivatives with respect to x = dx/dt, so x = dx/dt.
(b) Br regarding a curve y = f(x) as the parametric curve x = x, y = f(x), with parameter x, show that the formula in part (a) becomes k = | d2y/dx2| [1 + dy/dx2]3/2

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