(a) In the recursive algorithm of Equation (6.272) for phase recovery, the old estimate [n] and the updated estimate [n + 1] of the carrier

(a) In the recursive algorithm of Equation (6.272) for phase recovery, the old estimate θ[n] and the updated estimate θ[n + 1] of the carrier phase θ are both measured in radians. Discuss the units in which the error signal e[n] and step-size parameter y are measured.

(b) In the recursive algorithm of Equation (6.286) for symbol timing recovery, the control signals c[n] and c[n + 1] are both dimensionless. Discuss the units in which the error signal e[n] and step-size parameter γ are measured.