A lead-acid battery in a car has six cells in series, each delivering close to 2.0 V for a total of 12 V when the battery is discharging. Recharging requires ∼2.4 V per cell, or ∼14 V for the entire battery. Explain these observations in terms of Equation 16-6.

Equation 16-6

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E = E(cathode) – E(anode) – IR overpotentials (16-6)