Audit standards distinguish auditors’ responsibility for planning procedures for detecting noncompliance with laws and regulations having a direct effect on financial statements versus planning procedures for detecting noncompliance with laws and regulations that do not have a direct effect on financial statements.

Required:
a. What are the requirements for auditors to plan procedures to detect direct- effect compliance versus indirect- effect compliance?
b. For each of the following instances of noncompliance, explain why they are either direct-effect (D) or indirect- effect (I) noncompliance:
1. A manufacturer inflates expenses on its corporate tax return.
2. A retailer pays men more than women for performing the same job.
3. A coal mining company fails to place proper ventilation in its mines.
4. A military contractor inflates the overhead applied to a combat vehicle.
5. An insurance company fails to maintain required reserves for losses.
6. An exporter pays a bribe to a foreign government official so that government will buy its products.
7. A company backdates its executive stock options to lower the exercise price.
8. A company fails to fund its pension plan in accordance with ERISA.