Beginning in 1995, both Presidents Clinton and Bush issued several executive orders under IEEPA declaring a national emergency in dealing with terrorism. The Department of the Treasury issued regulations prohibiting transactions with terrorist groups or providing services to them. Al-Qaeda was named as a terrorist organization, along with the Taliban government of Afghanistan that supported it. During the U.S. war in Afghanistan, John Walker Lindh, an American citizen, was captured while fighting for the Taliban. He had undergone terrorist training in Pakistan and had allegedly met Osama bin Laden. He was charged in the United States under criminal statutes with conspiracy to murder Americans and with providing material support to foreign terrorist organizations in violation of the president's IEEPA orders. Lindh argued that IEEPA applied only to commercial transactions with terrorist groups and not to his conduct. Did IEEPA apply to Lindh's case? What was the result?