Question: Between each pair of vertebrae in the spinal column is a cylindrical disc of cartilage. Typically, this disc has a radius of about 3.0

Between each pair of vertebrae in the spinal column is a cylindrical disc of cartilage. Typically, this disc has a radius of about 3.0 × 10-2 m and a thickness of about 7.0 × 10-3 m. The shear modulus of cartilage is 1.2 × 107 N/m2. Suppose that a shearing force of magnitude 11 N is applied parallel to the top surface of the disc while the bottom surface remains fixed in place. How far does the top surface move relative to the bottom surface?

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