Question: Companies often voluntarily provide a pro forma earnings number when they announce annual or quarterly earnings. These pro forma earnings numbers are controversial as they

Companies often voluntarily provide a pro forma earnings number when they announce annual or quarterly earnings. These pro forma earnings numbers are controversial as they represent management's view of permanent earnings. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), issued in 2002, requires that if pro forma earnings are included in any periodic or other report filed with the SEC or in any public disclosure or press release, the company also must provide reconciliation with earnings determined according to GAAP.

Professors Entwistle, Feltham, and Mbagwu, in “Financial Reporting Regulation and the Reporting of Pro Forma Earnings,” examine whether firms changed their reporting practice in response to the pro forma regulations included in SOX.

Required:
1. What sample of firms did the authors use in their examination?
2. What percent of firms reported pro forma earnings in 2001? In 2003?
3. What percent of firms had pro forma earnings greater than GAAP earnings in 2001? In 2003?
4. What was the most frequently reported adjusting item in 2001? In 2003?
5. What are the authors' main conclusions of the impact of SOX on pro forma reporting?

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