Consider a tie rod transmitting a tensile force F. The corresponding tensile stress is given by σ = F/A, where A is the area of the cross section. The deflection of the rod is given by Eq. (4–3), which is δ = (Fl)/(AE), where l is the length of the rod. Using the Ashby charts of Figs. 2–16 and 2–19, explore what ductile materials are best suited for a light, stiff, and strong tie rod.