Comprehensive Biology and Evolutionary Concepts Flashcard Set
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Cards in this deck(100)
What is a precursor to a cell with a membrane-like structure?
What is a single-celled organism lacking a nucleus called?
What are organisms that use light energy to produce food known as?
Which microorganisms live in extreme environments?
What is an organism with complex cells containing a nucleus called?
What theory explains the origin of eukaryotic organelles?
What is a diverse group of eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi?
What are the major evolutionary groups of eukaryotes called?
What is the life cycle involving both haploid and diploid stages known as?
What is the symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots called?
What structure contains the male gametophyte in seed plants?
What is the structural polysaccharide in fungal cell walls?
What are beneficial interactions between plants and fungi within plant tissues called?
What is the fusion of cytoplasms in fungal sexual reproduction called?
What is the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus in fungi?
What term describes having a single set of chromosomes, denoted as 'n'?
What term describes having two sets of chromosomes, denoted as '2n'?
What is the cell formed by the fusion of gametes, developing into a new organism?
What is the cell division process that produces gametes with half the chromosome number?
What is the thread-like filament forming the basic structure of fungal mycelium?
What is the network of hyphae that increases absorption surface area in fungi?
What are eukaryotes lacking conventional mitochondria called?
Which protist supergroup includes parasitic, predatory, and photosynthetic members?
What is the monophyletic group of Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians called?
Which protists have a 'hairy' flagellum and include diatoms and brown algae?
What are unicellular algae with a glass-like structure, part of phytoplankton?
What is the largest, most complex marine algae with adaptations to resist environmental factors?
Which protists have membrane-bound sacs (alveoli) of unknown function?
What are planktonic photoautotrophs found in coral reef systems, causing red tide?
Which parasitic protists cause diseases like malaria and coccidia?
Which protist group includes amoebas and shows morphological variability?
What is the superkingdom including Amoebozoans and Opisthokonts?
What is the monophyletic group including Red Algae, Green Algae, and Plants?
Which algae have phycoerythrin masking chlorophyll, abundant in warm coastal waters?
Which algae have chloroplasts similar to land plants and are closely related to plants?
What are plants sharing a freshwater algal ancestor, evolved over 475 million years ago?
What are the closest living relatives to plants, sharing a common ancestor?
What is the monophyletic group including land plants and closely related green algae?
What proteins form cellulose in cell walls, shared by Charophytes and land plants?
What structure in Charophytes and land plants is used for reproduction?
What are membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions called?
What is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of cell products?
What is involved in membrane synthesis and metabolism?
What is the site of cellular respiration and ATP production?
What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
What is a cell living within another cell in a mutualistic relationship called?
What process is carried out by α-proteobacterium mitochondria?
What type of photosynthesis is performed by cyanobacterium chloroplast?
What study involves inner membranes with enzymes homologous to prokaryotes?
What is the study of evolutionary relationships based on genetic sequences?
What are small, mostly unicellular eukaryotes with diverse characteristics called?
What is a group with multiple evolutionary origins rather than a single common ancestor?
What are organisms capable of switching between photoautotrophy and heterotrophy?
What is the initial engulfment of one cell by another leading to organelle formation?
What are successive engulfment events leading to complex cellular relationships called?
What is a collection of connected cells showing little differentiation called?
What term describes organisms with specialized cells that cannot survive independently?
What are the closest living relatives of animals sharing protein domains?
What proteins are involved in cell adherence and signaling?
What is the study of genetic information to understand evolutionary relationships?
What is a highly conserved unique domain found in animals?
What is the spontaneous synthesis of polymers like RNA bases from simple molecules?
What is the development of genetic material and enzyme activity in early life forms?
What hypothesis suggests RNA acted as genetic material and enzyme in primitive life?
What are simple, non-primitive organisms like bacteria and archaea, crucial for eukaryotic life?
What is the prokaryotic cell division method without mitosis, DNA replication, or nucleus?
What is the resistant cell form in some bacteria, enduring stress and lacking nutrients for long periods?
What are bacteria with thick peptidoglycan cell walls retaining a violet stain in Gram staining?
What are bacteria with thin peptidoglycan walls and outer lipopolysaccharide membrane, losing violet stain in Gram staining?
What are whip-like structures for bacterial motility, aiding in movement towards or away from stimuli?
What are short, bristle-like structures on bacteria for adherence to surfaces or colony formation?
What are hair-like appendages facilitating genetic material transfer between bacteria during conjugation?
What is the region in prokaryotes where DNA is located, lacking a membrane-bound nucleus?
What are endospores in some bacteria that resist heat, desiccation, and freezing, lasting for thousands of years?
What describes quick reproduction cycles in prokaryotes?
What is the asexual reproduction method in prokaryotes?
What is the source of genetic variation through DNA changes?
What is the exchange of genetic material between prokaryotes called?
What is the uptake of foreign DNA by prokaryotes from surroundings?
What is the process where phages carry DNA between bacteria, promoting recombination?
What is the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient prokaryote called?
What is the movement of genes between prokaryotes of the same or different species?
What is the mating bridge facilitating DNA transfer between prokaryotes?
What is the piece of DNA enabling pili formation in prokaryotes?
What is a prokaryotic cell with high recombination frequency due to F factor in chromosome?
What are small DNA molecules in prokaryotes carrying extra genes?
What are plasmids with antibiotic resistance genes in prokaryotes called?
What are plasmids converting nonpathogenic prokaryotes to pathogenic?
What describes Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago, initially hot and inhospitable?
What is the formation of organic molecules from inorganic precursors in Earth's early atmosphere?
What were the 1953 experiments simulating early Earth conditions, producing amino acids, sugars, lipids, and nucleotides?
What crystals (4.4 billion years old) suggest a neutral atmosphere with N2 and CO2?
What describes the early Earth atmosphere lacking free O2, favoring organic compound synthesis?
Who was the Russian scientist proposing the reducing atmosphere hypothesis for the origin of life?
Who was the British scientist proposing the reducing atmosphere hypothesis for the origin of life?
What was an energy source in early Earth experiments simulating organic compound synthesis?
What was another energy source in early Earth experiments simulating organic compound synthesis?
What are molecules packaged into structures resembling primitive cells called?
What are small organic molecules that can join together to form polymers?
What are large molecules formed by joining monomers together?
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