What are some problems associated with the method of introspection in structuralism? Consistent results, limited to observable behavior, always correct Objective results, covers all mental processes, always accurate Subjective results, covers all mental processes, never wrong Highly variable results, cannot cover all mental processes, can be wrong

Highly variable results, cannot cover all mental processes, can be wrong

What methods are commonly used in functionalism to study psychological processes? psychoanalysis, case studies, and surveys experiments, case studies, and naturalistic observation introspection, observation, and experiments introspection, surveys, and interviews

introspection, observation, and experiments

Understanding Key Concepts in Psychology and Cognitive Science

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Psychology - Cognitive Psychology

jake12testoswi Created by 10 mon ago

Cards in this deck(83)

What term describes the spirit of the time, referring to the ideas prevalent in a specific time and place?

What is the term for a perspective or set of assumptions used to view or approach a problem?

Which paradigm explains why out-of-focus images are difficult to recognize when shown as out of focus?

What type of problems require a mental set to solve and often result in 'aha' moments?

Which psychological approach suggests that the mind and its perceptions can be understood by analyzing perceptions and their parts?

What method, involving looking inward to examine one's own thoughts and feelings, is associated with structuralism?

Which psychologist is most closely associated with the development of structuralism?

What are some problems associated with the method of introspection in structuralism?

Which psychological approach focuses on understanding the mind by examining the processes of the mind rather than its contents?

What methods are commonly used in functionalism to study psychological processes?

Which psychologist is most closely associated with the development of functionalism?

Who was the American philosopher and psychologist known for the concept of 'stream of consciousness'?

What theory suggests that learning occurs through the simultaneous occurrence of events or actions?

What term describes the explanation of complex behavior through simple associations?

Which assumption suggests that all aspects of behavior are learned?

Which philosophers and psychologists believed that understanding memory could be reduced to simple associations among nonsense syllables?

What is the process of trying to remember studied items called?

What type of recall does not require the order of items to be remembered?

What type of recall requires items to be remembered in a specific order?

What term describes the number of repetitions needed to re-memorize a list?

What process involves distinguishing studied items from non-studied ones?

What is the phenomenon where the first and last items in a list are remembered best?

What curve describes the pattern of rapid forgetting followed by a slower rate of forgetting?

What is the term for additional rehearsals past mastery that increase savings in relearning and slow forgetting?

What psychological approach focuses exclusively on behavior and believes all behavior can be explained by simple learning principles?

Which approach was the main psychological perspective from the 1930s to the 1960s?

What are the primary principles of behaviorism?

Which type of conditioning associates a biological response with a learned stimulus, such as a bell causing salivation?

Which type of conditioning involves associating a learned stimulus with a response, such as pushing a button to receive food?

What are some criticisms of behaviorism?

What term refers to the maximum amount of information that can be transmitted through a communication channel?

What is the commonly cited capacity of short-term memory?

What is the process of grouping input events, applying a new name, and remembering the name rather than the input called?

Who argued that learning cannot be explained solely by stimulus-response associations and cannot deal with semantic meaning?

What metaphor compares mental processes to computer operations and includes the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

What are the three stages of memory according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?

What are the characteristics of sensory memory in terms of capacity, modality, and decay?

What are the characteristics of short-term memory in terms of capacity, modality, and decay?

What are the characteristics of long-term memory in terms of capacity, modality, and decay?

What type of processing involves understanding leading to perceiving?

What type of processing involves perceiving leading to understanding?

What approach studies the relationship between cognitive performance and cerebral events or structures?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the psychobiological approach to research?

What tools are commonly used in the psychobiological approach to research?

What approach to research involves using the participant's own cognition?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the self reports approach to research?

What approach to research involves the intensive study of an individual?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the case studies approach to research?

What approach to research involves observing real-life situations?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the naturalistic observation approach to research?

What approach to research involves simulations emulating human cognition and AI demonstrating intelligent cognitive performance?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the computer simulations and AI approach to research?

What is the process of detecting sensory events, such as experiencing lines and contours, called?

What is the process of interpreting sensory events, such as recognizing shapes, called?

What are monocular or binocular sources of information that convey distance called?

Which psychological theory developed laws on how we group things together, such as the laws of proximity, similarity, symmetry, and closure?

What type of perceptual organization adds edges to form shape discrimination?

What effect describes how context can lead to faster perception of words?

What is the term for the failure to detect changes in an object or scene?

What is the term for the failure to recognize one's own failure to detect changes?

What is the term for the failure to notice when an unexpected but fully visible object appears?

What occurs when conceptual understanding interferes with perceptual details?

What are perceptual phenomena that reveal constraints and biases within perception, occurring when constraints are wrong?

What phenomenon occurs when expectancies lead to missing sounds being hallucinated by the brain and clearly heard?

What effect describes seeing, hearing, or experiencing differently due to top-down integration of perception and auditory cues?

What term describes the concentration of mental activity?

What is the term for attempting to pay attention to multiple things at once?

What is the term for presenting different messages in different ears?

What effect describes hearing points of interest in other conversations, such as hearing your name mentioned?

What theory suggests that a filter turns down the volume of unattended stimuli but does not mute them?

What theory proposes that all incoming stimuli are processed, but some are quickly forgotten?

What theory suggests that everyone has limited attention capacity, and the amount depends on perceptual load?

What are the three levels of consciousness?

What term describes information that is below the surface of awareness?

What term describes the ongoing experience of consciousness?

What term describes the explicit understanding of the contents of thoughts?

What term describes the effects of stimuli presented below the threshold of awareness?

What term describes automatic priming from one object to another?

What phenomenon describes the rebound effect where initial repression causes thoughts to reoccur more intensely?

What term describes meta-awareness misrepresenting the contents of experience, such as saying 'I am not angry!'?

What term describes experiencing something in the absence of meta-awareness, such as mind wandering?

What term describes continuous monitoring of unconscious processes, such as eye movement while reading?

What are the two types of meta-awareness experiences described as retrospective and verbal/symbolic?

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Understanding Key Concepts in Psychology and Cognitive Science

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