Cognitive Control and Executive Functions: A Comprehensive Study Guide

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Psychology - Cognitive Psychology

andrsonztdc Created by 10 mon ago

Cards in this deck(86)

The ability to flexibly adapt behavior according to current goals and context, requiring effort and concentration, is known as _____.

How does the brain implement cognitive control, particularly through the _____ cortex?

The process of response inhibition, which involves resisting impulses and selective attention, is also known as _____.

Holding information in mind and manipulating it, even when it is not perceptually present, is a function of _____.

The ability to think 'outside the box' and shift between different tasks or mental sets is referred to as _____.

Reasoning, problem solving, and planning are considered higher-order processes built from the core functions of _____.

The three core executive functions are inhibitory control, working memory, and _____.

Prefrontal cortical areas are _____ along the anterior-posterior axis.

Abstract goals are represented in the anterior prefrontal cortex, while concrete goals are more closely linked to actions in the _____ prefrontal cortex.

Where (or How) processes occur in the dorsal part of the lateral prefrontal cortex, whereas What processes occur in the _____ part.

Hot or value-related processes occur in the medial prefrontal cortex, while cold or cognitive processes occur in the _____ prefrontal cortex.

The prefrontal cortex integrates and synthesizes information from diverse sources, including sensory, motor, and other cortical areas, as well as subcortical areas involved in _____.

The prefrontal cortex guides information flow through the brain by exerting top-down control of sensory information and selecting _____.

The temporary storage of information that is not available in the environment is a function of _____.

The typical storage capacity of working memory is _____ items.

Temporary information storage without manipulation, which is part of or related to working memory, is known as _____.

Stable information storage over long intervals with a large storage capacity is characteristic of _____.

Phonological (auditory-verbal) working memory holds recently heard or internally generated auditory information for approximately _____ seconds or while rehearsed.

The basic parts of phonological working memory include a speech/acoustic store and a _____ process.

Proposed functions of phonological working memory include facilitating language acquisition and controlling behavior through _____.

Visuo-spatial working memory, also called the visuo-spatial sketchpad, holds a limited amount of visual information while you attend to it and survives _____ and other visual interruptions.

Visuo-spatial working memory is proposed to maintain continuity across eye movements and to create and maintain images when imagining or describing an _____.

Visual iconic memory is different from visuo-spatial working memory as it provides a detailed visual representation for up to around _____ milliseconds.

The multi-component model of working memory, proposed by Baddeley and Hitch, includes a control system called the 'Central executive' and two _____.

The Central executive, as proposed by Baddeley, is primarily responsible for _____.

The storage systems in Baddeley's model include the 'Visuo-spatial sketchpad' and the 'Phonological loop', which correspond to visuo-spatial working memory and _____.

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) controls what visual content represented in the visual cortex is in working memory through a _____ influence.

The original thought of the PFC was that it represents visual content during _____.

The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) may represent the content of visuo-spatial working memory and might provide _____ signals.

The visual cortex and inferior temporal (IT) cortex have neural structures to represent and presumably store detailed _____ content.

Growing evidence supports the role of more anterior visual areas in _____.

Brodmann area 40, related to verbal content and/or attention, is part of the _____.

Brain networks supporting phonological memory include a left hemisphere bias, lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), premotor/supplementary motor cortex, temporo-parietal junction, and possibly the _____.

Sustained firing/activity of neurons is a mechanism that clearly supports _____.

Feedback connections allow activity to flow in a loop, i.e., _____.

Any network with neurons that send feedback signals to each other is known as a _____.

A group of cells, not just one, can sustain activity during a delay to support _____.

The higher-order thalamus forms loops with the cortex and is a key anatomical element of the _____.

An important way to implement cognitive control is to apply rules to guide _____.

Rules are _____ of cues to actions, meaning they depend on the context.

Cues can be categorized as either _____ or endogenous.

Rules allow us to quickly and intelligently adjust to particular _____.

Specific rules guide our _____.

More abstract rules allow for more flexible _____.

A lesion in the prefrontal cortex can lead to difficulty in following _____.

Deficits in rule processing are often observed in individuals with _____.

The anterior PFC is associated with processing _____ rules.

The posterior PFC is associated with processing _____ rules.

The configuration of cognitive processes necessary to perform a task is known as a _____.

The process of selecting between two competing task sets is referred to as _____.

The anterior PFC is active during both spatial and _____ tasks.

The anterior PFC is considered to be _____.

The dorsolateral (spatial) and ventrolateral (verbal) prefrontal cortex are considered to be _____.

The APF interacts with the DLPFC during _____ tasks.

The APF interacts with the VLPFC during _____ tasks.

What brain area selectively interacts with the DLPFC or VLPFC based on the task domain? The answer is _____.

A decision involves a commitment to a plan of action based on information relevant to possible _____.

The steps in perceptual decision-making include accumulating sensory evidence, transforming it into a 'decision variable', and applying a decision rule based on a _____.

Signal detection theory is a framework used to understand _____.

In signal detection theory, sensory evidence gives rise to a _____ variable.

The decision variable can be understood as the difference between two groups, such as the activity of a right-preferring group minus the activity of a _____.

A decision variable of zero (DV=0) is useful for making decisions based on comparison to a decision _____.

Behavioral inhibition involves the cancellation of planned or early stages of _____.

Cognitive inhibition involves the overriding of a mental process, either wholly or partly, such as blocking _____.

Examples of behavioral inhibition include overriding motor responses, delayed gratification, and _____.

Examples of cognitive inhibition include blocking memories, thoughts, perceptions, or _____.

If inhibition is unsuccessful, then one may act on an impulse or _____.

Disorders with impulsive traits include ADHD, drug addictions, and _____.

Disorders with compulsive traits include OCD and _____.

The Stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) measures the time taken after a stop signal to inhibit a behavioral response, indicating _____.

Damage to the right inferior frontal cortex disrupts _____.

A short SSRT indicates good _____.

A long SSRT suggests a need for more time to override a particular _____.

Stopping-related activity is associated with the activity of the right inferior _____.

Spiking activity in the range of 70-200 Hz (high gamma) reflects _____.

The hyperdirect pathway can reduce activity in the thalamus and involves the cortex to the _____.

The direct pathway involves the striatum to the GP internal segment, facilitating _____.

The indirect pathway involves the striatum to the GP external segment to the subthalamic nucleus to the GP internal segment, affecting _____.

General intelligence, or 'g', refers to a general ability common to many _____.

The 'g' factors include crystallized intelligence (gC) and fluid intelligence (gF), which are components of _____.

Crystallized intelligence (gC) involves acquired knowledge about the nature of the world and learned operations, and it depends on _____.

Fluid intelligence (gF) is the ability to solve novel problems independent of acquired knowledge and involves reasoning ability, intellectual speed, memory, and _____.

The fronto-parietal network is vital for _____ intelligence.

Fronto-parietal activations are associated with working memory, response selection, and _____.

A culture fair test is designed to measure _____ intelligence.

The greater the damage to the fronto-parietal network, the greater the deficit in _____ intelligence.

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Cognitive Control and Executive Functions: A Comprehensive Study Guide

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