Understanding Language, Memory, and Problem-Solving Concepts in Cognitive Psychology

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Psychology - Cognitive Psychology

charlotte1oxhi Created by 10 mon ago

Cards in this deck(49)

A hierarchical system in language involves components that can be combined to form larger structures and are governed by specific rules. This system is known as _____

Language is considered _____ because it is a fundamental aspect of human communication across all cultures.

Language development is _____ across all cultures, indicating a shared cognitive process.

Languages are described as 'unique but the same' because, despite having different words, sounds, and rules, they all share common elements such as nouns, verbs, and tenses. This concept is known as _____

The theory that language is learned through reinforcement was proposed by _____ in 1957.

Noam Chomsky's 1957 work 'Syntactic Structures' suggests that human language is coded in the genes and that children can produce sentences they have never heard. This theory is known as _____

All the words a person can understand are collectively known as their _____

The shortest segments of speech that, if changed, alter the meaning of a word are called _____

The smallest units of language that have meaning or a grammatical function are known as _____

Examples of morphemes include 'cat' vs. 'cats', 'technique', and 'unladylike'. These illustrate how morphemes can change the _____ of a word.

The phonemic restoration effect occurs when listeners 'fill in' missing phonemes based on the context of a sentence and the portion of the word presented. This demonstrates the _____ nature of perception.

The Word Superiority Effect refers to the phenomenon where letters are easier to recognize when they are contained in a _____ than when they appear alone or in a nonword.

In a lexical decision task, participants read a list of words and nonwords silently and say 'yes' when they read a _____

The Word Frequency Effect describes how people respond more rapidly to _____ words.

Eye movements while reading show that people look at _____ words longer.

Lexical ambiguity occurs when words have more than one meaning, and context clears up ambiguity after all meanings of a word have been briefly accessed. This highlights the importance of _____ in language processing.

Meaning Dominance refers to the fact that some words are used more frequently than others, affecting their _____

Biased dominance occurs when words have two or more meanings with different dominances, such as the word 'plane'. This affects how quickly we _____ the word.

Balanced dominance occurs when words have two or more meanings with about the same dominance, such as 'cast' or 'sink'. This can lead to _____ in interpretation.

True or false: Human memory works like a video camera, accurately recording the events we see and hear so we can review and interpret them later. The correct answer is _____

True or false: Once you have experienced and formed a memory of it, that memory does not change. The correct answer is _____

Flashbulb memory refers to memory for circumstances surrounding shocking, highly charged important events. These memories are often vivid and detailed, but not always _____

Examples of flashbulb memories include events like the pandemic shutdown, 9/11, and the Kennedy assassination. These memories are often remembered with _____

True or false: If a memory is a flashbulb, it does not change and is 'photographic'. The correct answer is _____

Results of repeated recall tests show that there is no guarantee that flashbulb memories are 100% right or that they don't fade. These memories can be _____

The narrative rehearsal hypothesis suggests that we may remember events like 9/11 not because of a special mechanism but because we _____ these events after they occur.

The misinformation effect occurs when misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person _____ that event later.

Misleading postevent information (MPI) can introduce false memories by providing _____ information.

In Loftus and colleagues' 1975 study, participants viewed slides of a traffic accident with a stop sign. When introduced to a misleading postevent information (MPI) of a yield sign, they were more likely to _____ seeing a yield sign.

In Loftus and Palmer's 1974 study, participants who heard the word 'smashed' in the description of a car accident estimated the cars were going much faster than they were. This demonstrates the _____ of suggestion.

Retroactive interference occurs when more recent learning interferes with memory for something in the _____

A source monitoring error is a failure to distinguish the _____ of the information.

In Hyman's 1995 study, participants' parents gave descriptions of childhood experiences, and the experimenter added new events. When discussing later, participants 'remembered' new events actually happening, demonstrating the creation of _____ memories.

Errors in eyewitness testimony can occur due to mistaken identity and other factors, making such testimony potentially _____

The constructive nature of memory suggests that our retrieval of memories is influenced by our expectations, prior knowledge, and prior experiences, leading to _____ memories.

Errors due to attention and arousal can occur when attention is narrowed by specific stimuli, such as in the phenomenon known as _____ focus.

A cognitive interview involves training interviewers to not ask leading questions, allowing witnesses to be given space, and asking what they heard, saw, or experienced with no interruptions. This method aims to improve the _____ of eyewitness testimony.

A problem is defined as an obstacle between a present state and a goal. Solving a problem involves finding a way to _____ the obstacle.

A problem is not immediately obvious as to how to get around the obstacle, requiring _____ and strategy to solve.

Functional fixedness is the tendency to restrict the use of an object to its familiar functions, which can hinder _____

An example of functional fixedness is encountering a screwdriver and only thinking of it as a tool to use screws, rather than considering other potential _____

A mental set is a preconceived notion about how to approach a problem based on a person's past experiences with the problem, which can limit _____

The importance of how a problem is stated is demonstrated with the mutilated checkerboard problem, showing that the _____ of a problem can affect its difficulty.

Analogical problem solving involves the mental process of seeing similarities and being able to use logic from a source problem to a _____ problem.

Analogical transfer refers to the transfer from one problem to another, where the success of solving the original problem aids in solving the _____ problem.

An expert is a person who, by devoting a large amount of time to learning about a field and practicing and applying that learning, has become knowledgeable or skilled in that field. This expertise is often characterized by _____

Surface features refer to the basic, observable characteristics of a problem, often lacking a deeper _____

Structural features involve applying a deeper understanding and framework to a problem, often using a _____

Experts tend to spend more time analyzing a problem and are less likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems, which can sometimes limit their _____

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