Sensation and Perception: How We Process and Interpret Sensory Information
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Cards in this deck(77)
What is the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment?
What is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events?
What are sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli called?
What is the analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information?
What is information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations?
What is the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus called?
What is the term for failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere?
What is the term for failing to notice changes in the environment?
What is the conversion of one form of energy into another, specifically in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses?
What is the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them?
What is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time?
What term describes stimuli that are below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness?
What theory predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation?
What is the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time?
What principle states that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage?
What is the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response?
What is diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation called?
What is a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another?
What term describes the circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding an event?
What is the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input, including telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition?
What is the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis?
What is the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next?
What is the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light?
What is the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, perceived as brightness or loudness?
What is the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters?
What is the eye's clear, protective outer layer, covering the pupil and iris?
What is the ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening?
What is the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina?
What is the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina?
What is the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information?
What are retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, necessary for peripheral and twilight vision?
What are retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and function in daylight or well-lit conditions?
What is the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain?
What is the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a spot where no receptor cells are located?
What is the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster?
What theory suggests that the retina contains three different color receptors sensitive to red, green, and blue?
What theory suggests that opposing retinal processes enable color vision, such as red-green and yellow-blue?
What are nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement?
What is the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously, the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions?
What is the process of grouping visual elements together to determine the meaning of the visual as a whole?
What term describes an organized whole, emphasizing our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes?
What is the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings?
What is the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups?
What is the ability to see objects in three dimensions, allowing us to judge distance?
What is a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals?
What is a depth cue that depends on the use of two eyes?
What is a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes?
What is a binocular cue for perceiving depth, based on the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object?
What is a depth cue available to either eye alone, such as interposition or linear perspective?
What is an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession?
What is the perception of objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change?
What is the perception of familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object?
What is the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field?
What is the sense or act of hearing called?
What is the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time?
What is a tone's experienced highness or lowness, which depends on frequency?
What is the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window?
What is the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs?
What is a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses?
What is the less common form of hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea?
What is hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves, also known as nerve deafness?
What is a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea?
What theory in hearing links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated?
What theory in hearing suggests that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone?
What is the mix of four distinct skin senses: pressure, warmth, cold, and pain?
What is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage?
What are sensory receptors that enable the perception of pain in response to potentially harmful stimuli?
What is the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological 'gate' that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain?
What are some methods for controlling pain, including placebo, distraction, and hypnosis?
What is the sensation of flavor perceived in the mouth and throat on contact with a substance?
What is the sense of smell called?
What is the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts?
What is the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance?
What is the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste?
What is the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments?
Who conducted absolute threshold experiments with light photons and sound waves?
Who discovered feature detectors?
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