Understanding Memory Systems: Sensory, Short-Term, and Long-Term Memory Concepts
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Cards in this deck(99)
What is the storage system that records information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy, characterized by large capacity and very fast decay?
What term describes the number of items recallable after a short display, such as how many letters you can see in a brief instant?
Which paradigm provides a test of knowledge of all rows while only testing one row, showing better performance with partial report?
What technique suggests that shorter presentation leads to longer sensory memory, triggered by the onset of a stimulus?
What are some challenges to sensory memory, including its limited functionality and role as a short-term buffer?
How is echoic memory measured, using a paradigm similar to the partial report paradigm but with auditory information?
What is the difference between sensory memory and working memory in terms of visual and auditory processing?
How is echoic memory different from visual sensory memory in terms of partial report advantage and duration?
What types of evidence support the distinctions between short-term memory and long-term memory?
Which neurocognitive evidence shows impaired transfer to long-term memory in patients like HM and Clive Wearing?
What behavioral evidence supports the distinction between short-term and long-term memory, including forgetting after 18 seconds?
What neuroimaging evidence relates to primacy and recency effects in memory retrieval?
According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, how does memory transfer to long-term memory occur?
How does the depth of processing affect memory, comparing shallow and deep processing?
How does depth of processing relate to findings regarding maintenance rehearsal?
How do elaborate encoding and deep processing contribute to memory retrieval?
What are the problems with the depth of processing approach, according to transfer appropriate processing?
What is the working memory approach, and how does it describe short-term memory?
What role does the central executive play in working memory, and what evidence supports this?
What does cognitive load refer to in the context of task completion?
What is the phonological store, and how does it affect memory recall?
How does the visual-spatial sketch pad function in working memory, and what is an example of its efficiency?
What is the episodic buffer, and how does it integrate information from different modalities?
What are the three aspects of long-term memory?
What processes enable information to be transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory?
What is the self-reference effect, and how does it enhance memory?
What is the generation effect, and how does it improve recall?
What are schemas, and how do they influence what we encode?
How do expertise and schemas relate to encoding and long-term memory?
What is an example of non-schematic information in memory?
What is the dual code theory, and how does it relate to memory encoding?
What factors influence memory for experiences after they have been encoded?
What is the spacing effect, and how does it affect memory retention?
What does the passage of time refer to in the context of memory?
How does sleep affect memory, according to research?
What is the post-event information effect, and how can it influence memory?
What is verbal overshadowing, and how does it affect perception?
What is retrieval, and how is performance maximized during this process?
What is state-dependent memory, and how does it affect recall?
What is mood-dependent memory, and how does it influence recall?
What is context-dependent memory, and how does it affect recall?
How do schemas impact long-term memory retrieval, according to the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm?
What is the debate regarding recovered memories of abuse, and how does it relate to memory accuracy?
What is short-term memory, and what is its primary function?
What is long-term memory, and what is its capacity?
What are the limits of short-term memory, according to the Brown/Peterson paradigm and serial position effect?
What is the working memory approach, and how does it describe immediate memory?
How does working memory capacity relate to academic performance and clinical populations?
What is episodic memory, and what type of information does it focus on?
What is semantic memory, and what type of knowledge does it describe?
What is procedural memory, and what type of knowledge does it involve?
How do elaboration and distinctness affect memory recall?
What is the encoding specificity principle, and when does it operate?
How do anxiety disorders affect explicit and implicit memory tasks?
What is retrograde amnesia, and what type of memory does it affect?
What is anterograde amnesia, and how does it affect memory?
What is autobiographical memory, and how accurate is it?
What is reality monitoring, and what does it involve?
What is flashbulb memory, and how accurate is it?
What factors increase the likelihood of errors in eyewitness testimony?
What is the post-misinformation effect, and how does it occur?
What is the constructivist approach to memory, and how does it relate to false memories?
What is meta-cognition, and what does it involve?
What is meta-cognitive knowledge, and what does it encompass?
What is a meta-cognitive experience, and what does it pertain to?
What is meta-memory, and what does it involve?
What are metamemory judgments, and what abilities do they include?
What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon, and how does it relate to predicting future memory performance?
What is source monitoring, and why is it challenging?
What is the difference between internal vs internal source monitoring?
What is the difference between external vs external source monitoring?
What are the types of processing, and how do they differ?
What are some basic principles for memory improvement, including remembering what is important and emotional?
What principles are related to encoding, including transfer to long-term memory and depth of processing?
What is the principle of transfer to long-term memory, and why does much information never get stored?
How does rehearsal affect memory, and what is the relationship between repetitions and memory?
What is the principle of multiple codes, and how does it affect memory?
What is distinctiveness, and how does it affect memory?
What principles are related to retention interval, including delay and spacing effect?
What is the principle of delay, and how does it relate to memory?
What principles are related to retrieval, including encoding specificity and associative memory structures?
What is encoding specificity, and how does it affect memory retrieval?
What are associative memory structures, and how do they affect recall?
What is schematicity, and how does it affect memory accuracy?
What is the keyword mnemonic, and how does it aid memory?
What is the link system, and how does it aid memory?
What is the method of loci, and how does it aid memory?
How do rhymes aid memory, and what is an example?
What are catch phrases, and how do they aid memory?
What are list order acronyms, and how do they aid memory?
What is prospective memory, and what does it involve?
How can prospective memory be improved, according to implantation intentions?
What is mental imagery, and what does it involve?
How does imagining a movement or form draw on different processing systems, according to Binet's use of patients with brain damage?
What is the Perky effect, and how does it relate to mental imagery?
What is the dual coding hypothesis, and how does it relate to memory for concrete and abstract words?
What are propositions, and how do they relate to meaning?
What are images, and how do they relate to meaning?
What is the analog view of images, according to Kosslyn, and how are they functional in thinking?
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