sight What is the dominant sense for perceiving the world for most humans? Figure-Ground Relationship Papillae Pupil

What is the dominant sense for perceiving the world for most humans?

dogs poo in North South alignment - helps many animals navigate Cochlea How do animals react to the Earth's electromagnetic field? Absolute Threshold Horizontal Localization of Sound

How do animals react to the Earth's electromagnetic field?

Sensation and Perception

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Psychology - Cognitive Psychology

georgepetenjk Created by 10 mon ago

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sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor - physiological / biological

the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced - psychological - can be affected by our beliefs, values, prejudices, expectations, and life experiences.

individuals from Western cultures were more likely to perceive equal lines with inward or outward arrows as being different lengths

the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a focus on one specific thing - gorilla test

touch, taste, hearing, smell, sight - thermoception: temperature - proprioception: kinesthetic sense - nociception: pain - equilibrioception: balance - mechanoreception: vibration - various internal stimuli (e.g. the different chemoreceptors for detecting salt and carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood)

heat vision - snakes can see it

sight

Yes, because any time there is a difference in ions across a cell membrane, there is potential for electric/magnetic fields - platypuses have electromagnetic receptors in their bills that detect the fields created by the muscles of frogs and small fish.

dogs poo in North South alignment - helps many animals navigate

small molecules that have become airborne bind to receptors on neurons in your nose - ligand gated receptors cause depolarization in the neuron

ligand gated ion channels - can be general or specific

monitor solute concentration - regulation of water and carbon dioxide levels in the body - osmoreceptors - detect the amount of water in the brain and stimulate thirst when needed

triggered by very specific molecules - sense of smell and taste

hair-like parts that extend from the olfactory bulb into the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Smell

Taste

small molecules from our food bind to receptors on our tongue - ligand gated receptors cause depolarization in the neurons

taste and smell

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

bumps on the tongue each containing multiple taste buds

contained within taste buds - the cells that do the tasting - tip of each protrudes through a pore on the surface of the tongue - tip is peppered with bitter taste receptors - nerves carry info from them to the brain

composed of a number of individual taste receptors cells that transmit information to nerves

nasal passages and mouth are connected - when you eat, some of the flavor compounds travel from your mouth, up the back of your throat and into your nose (why food doesn't taste as good when you're congested) - taste and smell respond to the same stimuli

Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel's disks, and Ruffini corpuscles

detect stretch

respond to light pressure

detect transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations

respond to pressure and lower frequency vibrations

detect heat and cold - found in skin and the hypothalamus - Spicy foods taste "hot" because capsaicin opens a receptor protein that also responds to high temperatures - Menthol triggers the thermoreceptor that is activated below 28C

pain receptors - activated by Extreme pressure, temperature, or certain chemicals, and trigger behaviors to withdrawal from the stimuli - one of the proteins produced during inflammation increases their sensitivity

both a thermoreceptor and a nociceptor

contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture

perception of body position

perception of the body's movement through space

conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential

the minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time.

it travels through the cornea, pupil, lens, and vitreous humor, before activating neurons in the retina

transparent covering over the eye - basically there for protection

Tissue at the back of the eye that contains all the light sensitive cells - 10 different layers of cells which includes neurons and other supporting cells - M

the opening in the middle of the iris that changes size to let in different amounts of light - F

controls the diameter of the pupil, dilating it in low light and contracting it in bright light - E

focuses the light onto the retina so a clear image can be seen - H

change the shape of the lens to focus the light - pull on lens to allow for distance vision and relax for near vision - B

Since the light detectors are on the retina, the image needs to be focused at that point

lenses aren't quite the right shape - this causes images to focus in front of (near sighted,/myopia) or behind (far sighted, hyperopia) the retina - corrective lenses help focus the light correctly

being able to see things close up but not far away

photoreceptors in the retina which detect color - present at a low density throughout the retina, with a sharp peak in the center of the fovea - 3 types: long (red light), medium (green light), and short (blue light)

photoreceptors in the retina which detect light (black/white) - present at high density throughout most of the retina (not found in the fovea)

small indentation in the retina that contains cones

Light from different parts of the visual field hit different parts of the retina, so the markers appeared to be different colors depending on where they were in relation to the fixation point - rods and cones are not evenly distributed across the retina

a lack of one or more of the 3 cone types

color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and red-green

located at the back of the brain - where visual sensations are processed into meaningful perceptions

different parts of the brain depending on which visual field it's coming from - goes from eyes to optic chiasm to lateral geniculate nucleus to primary visual cortex - right visual field goes to left side of brain - left VF goes to right side of brain

where visual information is processed - controls the pupillary reflex - regulation of various basic functions (sleep-wake cycles, etc.)

detects the presence of light

responsible for object determination and recognition - part of the occipital lobe

process images based on the angle of lines/edges of light - your brain (at a basic level) sees everything is a series of lines at different angles.

outer, middle, and inner

handles balance and movement

part of the inner ear - fluid filled snail structure - contains the sensory receptor cells (hair cells) of the auditory system

the compression of air or fluid in waves

sound waves cause small extensions on the mechanoreceptors of the ear to move - when extensions move one direction, they are pulled open causing depolarization

sound waves travel along the auditory canal and strike the tympanic membrane (eardrum), causing it to vibrate - vibration results in movement of the three ossicles. - as the ossicles move, the stapes presses into a thin membrane of the cochlea which makes the fluid in the cochlea move which stimulates the hair cells

finding out where a sound is coming from - involves the use of both monaural and binaural cues

based on slight delays in action potentials reaching the brain - done binaurally - Interaural timing difference (the the small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear)

segmenting our visual world into figure (focus) and ground (background) - explains why some people see two faces while other see a vase - a Gestalt principle

the whole is different from the sum of its parts - the brain creates a perception that is more than simply the sum of available sensory inputs, and it does so in predictable ways

the outer part of the ear

due to a problem delivering sound energy to the cochlea

most common form of hearing loss - can be due to a variety of factors such as aging or extended exposure to loud noises

things closer together tend to be grouped - a Gestalt principle

things that are alike tend to be grouped together - a Gestalt principle

our ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes, - occurs following the principles of proximity, similarity, figure ground relationship, continuity, and closure

-we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines - a Gestalt principle

we organize our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts - a Gestalt principle

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