smallest amount of difference between two stimuli that can be detected ex: telling the difference between pop and diet pop Difference Threshold/ Just Noticeable Difference Clairvoyance Visual cliff Binocular cures ( two eyes)

Difference Threshold/ Just Noticeable Difference

Sensation and perception

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Psychology - Cognitive Psychology

georgepetenjk Created by 10 mon ago

Cards in this deck(66)

the process of receiving information from the environment (the raw data)

assembling and making sense out of the information

detect lines,angles,colors to sort out complex images (Processing the data)

drawing on our experiences/expectations to turn the stimuli into something meaningful

minimum amount of stimuli that can be sensed (true 50% )

detect the presence of faint/ background stimulation ( assumes there is no absolute threshold) ex: George watches scary movie about intruders; then heard every creak in house

smallest amount of difference between two stimuli that can be detected ex: telling the difference between pop and diet pop

stimulus must change by a specific proportion, not a set amount for difference threshold to work ex: have mcdonalds ice tea, need to add lots a sugar to notice a difference

filter out unchanging stimuli and become more sensitive to weak stimuli (CONSTANT,HAPPENS NATURALLY) ex: jumping freezing water; after a few minutes its fine

you could ¨re feel¨, ¨re smell¨ a stimulus after you stopped being aware of it (A CHOICE) ex: you get used to the crickets outside, if someone points it out you will notice it again

people to people

sensing danger/talking to dead

knowing future events

moving objects with mind

protective covering of the eye

black circle in the center of the eye (determines the amount of light that comes into the eye)

the color part of the eye ( controls the pupil) - sensitive to emotion - see something you like= enlarge - see something dangerous = dilate

transparent structure that sits behind the pupil ACCOMMODATION= lens changes thickness to focus light on the retina

light sensitive surface containing photoreceptors and neurons rods- black and white cones- color (C + C)

photorecptors bipolar cells ganglion cells optic nerve occipital lobe visual cortex ( BIPOLAR LION )

where the optic nerve connects to the retina (no photorecptors and thus we have a blind spot )

optic nerve crosses in the brain

in the occipital lobe INCLUDES FEATURE DETECTORS = respond to specific features like lines and angles

nearsighted (myopia) - image crosses infront of retina farsighted (hyperopia) - image crosses behind the retina

wavelength- determines hue amplitude - height

Young-Helmotz Trichromatic - red,blue, green = all colors Opponent Process Theory - lead to afterimages (red v.green)

Pinna - external flap, captures sound waves Auditory Canal- part you put a q-tip in Tympanic membrane (eardrum)- gateway to inner ear

Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup ( KNOWN AS OSSICLES) (malleus, incus, stapes) *amplifies vibrations*

Oval Window - where stirrup attaches to cochlea Cochlea- bony tube in the inner ear that contains fluids/neurons (contains hair cells) Basilar membrane- tiny hairs, resting place of the organ of corti ( sends message to auditory nerve)

nerve which transmits information from ear to the brain

filled with fluid to help with balance

frequency - pitch amplitude -volume

Place - depends on which hairs vibrate on basilar membrane Frequency - speed cells vibrate Volley Principle - frequencies = cells to fire in volley pattern

* think old factory smell * sense of smell is highly associated with memory pheromones - natural odorless chemicals; affect opposite sex

taste qualities : sweet,sour,salty,bitter, umani

combo of pressure, temp + pain Gate Theory - pain must pass through ¨gate ¨ in spinal cord ( releases substance P) * rubbing/ holding area decreases pain*

vestibular - tells you whether you are upright ( BALANCE) kinestheteic - knowing where your body parts are without seeing them

only focus on one stimulus

in a group, you can pick out one voice

don´t notice COLOR changes

don't notice sound changes

don´t notice obvious change (think moon walking bear)

only focusing on stimulus from one ear

GESTALT symbol/ picture you focus on - figure anything surrounding it - ground *perceptual set- vase/face- expect to see face, will see face*

GESTALT things closer together are groups

GESTALT similar items are grouped together

GESTALT joining stimulus together as one object

GESTALT items that are connected are groups

closing incomplete picture to make a common item

by the time an animal can move, they understand depth without being taught

retinal disparity - 2 eyes see 2 different images (brain connects) convergence - brain calculates muscle tension

MONOCULAR CUE things don´t change size but rather your perception *must have relative size to do so*

MONOCULAR CUE if overlaps, thing in-front is closer

MONOCULAR CUE clear= close far= fuzzy

more detail = closer

anything higher than your visual field = brain adds depth

goes by faster = closer

parallel lines go off into distance= look like they join

shadow= depth

human give motion to light if it turns on and off the right way

we know shape = overides what we see

brain fills in data for relative size

shadow artificiality makes things lighter

inability to recognize facial features

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