Taken together, the experiments of Pasteur, Tyndall, and Koch demonstrated _____ about maintaining sterility. as long as air can be kept out, a solution can be kept sterile sometimes an experiment must be repeated for it to work right as long as no living organisms enter a selection, it can be kept sterile indefinitely sometimes forms of bacteria are not living organisms

as long as no living organisms enter a selection, it can be kept sterile indefinitely

How can you improve the resolution of a light microscope? Use a red filter under the condenser View the specimen with a negative stain Dim the intensity of the light source Have the light pass through a medium with a refractive index <1

Have the light pass through a medium with a refractive index <1

How do prions cause infectious diseases? They secrete digestive enzymes that kill a host and then consume it saprophytically. The bind to mRNA preventing mRNA from being translated into protein the host needs. They insert their DNA into the host's DNA, thereby taking over the host cell genetically. They misfold, and then cause other proteins to misfold, eventually damaging host cells.

They misfold, and then cause other proteins to misfold, eventually damaging host cells.

What happens to molecule B when a C-C bond in molecule A undergoes a random charge fluctuation? It will hydrogen bond with molecule A. It will form a polar covalent bond with molecule A. Nothing will happen. These molecules cannot interact. A dipole will be induced which will weakly attract molecule B to molecule A.

A dipole will be induced which will weakly attract molecule B to molecule A.

A major difference between Gram-negative and Gram-positive cell walls is what? Gram-negative walls have teichoic acid storage polymers. Gram-positive walls are crosslinked via a pentaglycine bridge. Gram-positive walls are made of peptidoglycan. Gram-negative walls are much thicker than Gram-positive walls.

Gram-positive walls are crosslinked via a pentaglycine bridge.

bio 221 final exam

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Biology - Microbiology

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Cards in this deck(100)

Taken together, the experiments of Pasteur, Tyndall, and Koch demonstrated _____ about maintaining sterility.

Which of the following processes involves a net release of energy?

How can you improve the resolution of a light microscope?

Which of the atoms in the structure could be a hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor?

How do prions cause infectious diseases?

What happens to molecule B when a C-C bond in molecule A undergoes a random charge fluctuation?

A major difference between Gram-negative and Gram-positive cell walls is what?

The fact that bacteria lack an endomembrane system explains their _____ size.

Condensation reactions _____.

Viewing a thick specimen, such as a bacterial biofilm, would likely require which of the following?

In a biological context, which of the following describes a strong bond?

What makes passive transport 'passive'?

A phosphodiester bond is important in the structure of _____?

You stain a slide of Mycobacterium according to the Gram stain procedure. What will you see under a bright-field microscope?

What is the role of the periplasmic binding protein in ABC uptake systems?

Which of the following microscopes depends on the phenomenon of photon drag to differentiate between structures with different refractive index?

Which of the following lipids would be the most fluid at room temperature?

The large intracellular structures seen inside this cell are likely used for _____?

Which of the following is most important in the formation of micelles from a collection of phospholipids? Why?

For what purpose would you use a negative stain?

Structures that transport electrons between bacterial cells in a dense culture are called _______________.

Which of the following is NOT a structural component of Archaeal cell walls?

Which of the following is not an elemental nutrient required for bacterial growth?

Which of these is important for the function of flagella, but not for Type III secretory systems?

Which of the following is a unique feature of the PTS transport system?

Which of the following would typically be done in a chemostat?

Streptococcus mutans produces this only in the presence of sucrose, leading to the development of dental caries (cavities).

What do bacterial ABC drug efflux pumps and Type III secretory systems have in common?

What must be provided in a growth medium in order to grow auxotrophs?

Which equation could be used to solve the following problem? A sample of milk has been pasteurized (bacterial count reduced by 5 logs). If the bacteria are growing at the rate of 0.1 per hour, how long will it take until there are as many bacteria in the milk as there were before the pasteurization?

Which of the following lists the steps of biofilm creation in the correct order?

Secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics, are produced most effectively _____?

Which biochemical pathway is correctly matched with a macromolecular product it produces?

Why is a freezer culture of bacteria stored in a solution of glycerol?

A non-competitive (allosteric) enzyme inhibitor _____?

You have developed a new way to enumerate the bacteria in a culture. This method _____?

Bacterial central catabolism includes all of the following EXCEPT _____?

What is meant by oxidative phosphorylation?

You are a soil scientist trying to bioremediate an area of soil contaminated with a pesticide. Which of the following bacteria would be your best choice to do this and why?

A major difference between quinones and hemes in the electron transport chain is that _____?

Which of the following is a characteristic of ionizing radiation?

When comparing green sulfur bacteria and purple sulfur bacteria, _____?

As applied in a medical setting, which of the following correctly describes a critical instrument?

Which of the following bacteria carry out fermentation reactions that are used in the preparation of important food products?

Sulfate reducing bacteria _____?

Which of the following DNA replication enzymes is NOT correctly matched with its function?

How does Clostridial ABE fermentation differ from lactic acid fermentation performed by many other bacteria?

How does a bacterial cell know where to stop making RNA for a particular gene?

______________ are high-level disinfectants when used in the food industry but only work at intermediate level when used medically on human skin.

Which of the following changes to DNA is most likely to cause a drastic change to the protein?

Which of the following most correctly shows a DNA replication bubble?

Because wobble-pairing can occur during translation, ______.

Which of the following best describes the function of a quoromone?

It is believed that humans have only about 5 times as many different genes as the average bacterium, but we have 20 times as many different proteins. How is this possible?

One way to make a specific mutation in a piece of DNA is to ____.

A gene that constitutively produces cAMP is cloned into E. coli. How would the lac operon be regulated in this transgenic bacterium?

Which of the following sequences is considered a palindrome?

What is a 'codon'?

All of the following are needed for cassette switching EXCEPT _____?

What is the correct order for the three steps in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), starting with a double-stranded DNA sequence?

A disease called paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by _____?

Which of the following is derived entirely from a part of the host cell?

Order the steps that are used to clone a specific gene.

An organism with an apicomplex is called _____?

Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) can be observed as a plasmid in infected cells from a person who does not show symptoms of virus infection. These infected cells do not contain any viral proteins. Which of the following statements is true?

A nematode that lives in blood vessels and is considered a serious health problem would most likely be a/an _____?

Which of the following targets for antimicrobial drugs would be associated with the LOWEST therapeutic index?

Which of the following groups are all phagocytes?

How could you detect the presence of a provirus in a host cell?

Which of the following genes would be LEAST likely to be found on an R-plasmid?

How does lactoferrin secreted by human cells help to prevent bacterial colonization of a human host?

A rancher notices that many of his sheep have acquired an intestinal worm infestation. Which of the following would he most likely use to treat the infested sheep?

Why are Gram-negative bacterial infections more often associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) than Gram-positive bacterial infections?

What sort of medical problem is caused by pinworms?

Which complement molecule is correctly matched with its function?

Which of the following is TRUE regarding interferon α and β?

In a T-dependent B cell response, _____________________________.

What is meant by the abbreviation ADCC?

Which of the following is TRUE about T cells that recognize 'self' antigens?

How do activated macrophages differ from non-activated (naïve) macrophages?

An example of passive immunity is ___________________.

Which of the following is associated with antigen presentation by dendritic cells, but not by epithelial cells?

What cellular process allows billions of different antibody Fab fragments to be produced from only a few hundred genes?

What is an adjuvant?

Why does a second exposure to the same pathogen usually result in a much stronger immune response against it?

In the disease lupus, autoantibodies are directed against __________.

How do regulatory T (Treg) cells differ from helper T (TH) cells?

A pathogen that has evolved for a long time in the same environment as its host will exhibit which of the following?

In a trial for a vaccine against a respiratory illness that is spread person-to-person, all 1800 adults in a Swiss village were vaccinated with a live attenuated vaccine. 150 of the 1800 people in the trial failed to produce IgG in response to the vaccine, yet they still did not get sick. Why not?

How does a Type III hypersensitivity reaction damage your tissues?

The genes for which of the following would be LEAST likely to be located on a pathogenicity island?

If you are an Rh(-) woman and your husband is Rh(+), why do you need a RhoGAM shot even for your first pregnancy?

Pharmacologists have learned that conjugated vaccines are much more effective than their polysaccharide vaccine counterparts. What is so special about conjugated vaccines?

Which of the following statements about AB toxins is accurate?

Which of the following is a major portal of entry, but not a major portal of exit?

During some viral infections, infected cells fuse to form ___________ because _____________.

What do these structures in the two pictures have in common?

Which of the following has been most responsible for the trend in infectious disease incidence since 1980?

The condition shown may be caused by which of the following?

Which of the following is a childhood disease that is potentially serious because it leaves a patient immunocompromised. It is now rare in the United States because of an effective vaccine.

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