Comprehensive Guide to Antimicrobial Agents and Microbial Control Methods
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Cards in this deck(100)
What is a drug that kills or slows the growth of a microbial agent?
What are drugs manufactured by pharmaceutical processes from organic molecules, such as isoniazid and sulfa drugs?
What type of antimicrobial drug is specifically used to fight bacteria?
What are antibiotics that are derived from living organisms called?
What term describes a substance that prevents bacteria from growing or keeps them in a stationary phase of growth?
What is the term for a substance that kills bacteria?
What are drugs that affect a variety of microbes, including both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, called?
What are drugs that affect only a few microbial types, targeting either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, called?
What are the various ways antibiotics work, including inhibiting cell wall synthesis and protein synthesis?
What is the disk diffusion method used to test antibiotic effectiveness by measuring clear zones around disks on an agar plate?
What test uses filter strips with graded drug concentrations to determine the minimal inhibiting concentration (MIC) of a drug?
What test uses different drug dilutions in tiny culture broths to determine the minimal inhibiting concentration (MIC) of a drug?
What does MIC stand for, referring to the lowest concentration of a chemical which prevents visible growth of bacteria?
What includes mutations and R-Factors that lead to inactivation or blockage of drugs, modification of drug target sites, or creation of efflux pumps?
What are modified versions of natural penicillin developed to combat bacteria that had penicillinase?
What is part of the core structure of several antibiotic families, including penicillin?
What are enzymes produced by bacteria that provide resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
What enzyme causes resistance to penicillin by breaking down the beta-lactam ring structure?
What term describes bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics, including modern ones, making treatment difficult?
What does MRSA stand for, referring to a type of staph bacteria resistant to antibiotics?
What does VRE stand for, referring to bacteria resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin?
What does VISA stand for, referring to Staphylococcus Aureus that is less susceptible to vancomycin?
What does VRSA stand for, referring to Staphylococcus Aureus fully resistant to vancomycin?
What is an infection acquired while receiving healthcare, not present upon admission, called?
What is a graphical representation of how fast a population is killed over time by an antibiotic called?
In protozoa, what are cyst-forming protists that may resist physical and chemical agents to varying extents?
What term describes the state when chemical and physical agents work best on microbes that are actively growing and metabolizing?
What term describes the condition where chemical and physical agents work best on 'naked' microbes on clean, dirt-free surfaces?
What factor affects the time it takes to kill all microbes, with more microbes requiring longer time?
What are the modes of action of anti-microbial agents, including effects on cell walls, membranes, proteins, and DNA/RNA?
What is the process called that involves the destruction of all life, including endospores, cysts, and viruses?
What is the heat treatment called that is sufficient to kill endospores of Clostridium botulinum, used in the canning industry?
What is the process called that involves the destruction of vegetative pathogens, such as using bleach?
What term describes growing/metabolically active cells that can grow actively or form endospores?
What is the process called that involves the destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue, such as using betadine?
What is the physical removal of microbes from a surface, such as using soap, called?
What is the treatment called that lowers microbial counts to levels acceptable to public health authorities, such as using an approved restaurant dishwasher?
What is the process called that involves inhibiting bacterial growth within food?
What method kills mostly by denaturing proteins, especially enzymes, and DNA/RNA?
What type of heat is more effective than 'dry' heat?
What method involves boiling water at 100 degrees C to kill vegetative cells but not endospores or cysts?
What method uses steam at 15 psi (121 degrees C) to kill all life after a minimum of 15 minutes of exposure?
What is the process called that requires containers to be exposed long enough so that all contents reach 121 degrees for at least 15 min?
What process kills pathogens in beverages and soft foods at 72 degrees C for 15 seconds?
What is the ultra high temp pasteurization process that involves 140 degrees C for 1 to 3 seconds?
What is a form of sterilization that uses blown hot air to eliminate or deactivate all forms of life?
What is a type of dry heat that involves burning or incinerating materials?
What method involves using a hot-air oven at 170 degrees C for at least two hours?
What method is used when materials cannot be subjected to heat but need to be sterile, using pore sizes usually 0.45 um to 0.22 um?
What are high efficiency particulate air filters that remove microbes from the air called?
What method slows or stops microbial growth, with freezing not being reliable at killing most microbes?
What process combines cold and drying, resulting in the formation of crystals that can be stored at room temperature?
What is the removal of water (drying) that slows or stops microbial growth but does not reliably kill bacteria called?
What method uses hypertonic environments to preserve foods, such as high salt concentration in meats?
What term describes a greater concentration of solute particles outside a membrane than within it, causing cells to shrink?
What method damages DNA/RNA and some proteins, with radiation moving in the form of invisible waves?
What term describes the distance between wave peaks, with long waves being relatively weak and short waves being stronger?
What type of radiation has a 'long' wavelength and is relatively weak?
What type of radiation damages DNA by forming thymine dimers and can sterilize if used at high intensity on clean surfaces?
What are thymine dimers, a type of DNA damage caused by UV radiation, formed by?
What is the effect of microwaves when used alone on microbes?
What type of radiation includes X-rays, gamma rays, and high-energy electron beams that create 'free radicals'?
What are unstable molecules created during normal cell metabolism called?
What do phenol-related compounds do to microbial cells?
What was the old standard for antiseptics/disinfectants that is too irritating to be used today?
What is another name for phenol?
Who was the first person to use phenol as an antiseptic/disinfectant?
What is an example of phenolics derived from phenol, used in disinfecting cleaning agents?
What is an example of Biguanides used as an antiseptic in clinical soaps and skin cleansers?
What is somewhat toxic and used in clinical soaps/skin cleansers?
What is widely used in commercial 'antibacterial' soaps?
What do halogens do to proteins?
What is iodine in an alcohol solution used on small cuts called?
What is a combination of iodine and an organic molecule, widely used to disinfect skin?
What does chlorine gas react to form in water, used for chlorinating drinking water and swimming pools?
What is a multipurpose disinfectant, such as sodium hypochlorite in bleach, called?
What is a reddish-yellow gas (ClO2) used as a bleach and disinfectant?
What substances disrupt cell membranes and denature proteins, commonly used as antiseptics and disinfectants?
What substances denature proteins through oligodynamic action?
What is the lethal effect exerted by extremely small amounts of certain metals on microorganisms called?
What antiseptic agent is used on small cuts and contains mercury?
What is utilized to kill algae in water tanks and pools?
What is found in mouthwashes, toothpastes, and paints to inhibit fungal growth?
What are various silver compounds with antimicrobial properties?
What substances destroy biomolecules?
What is utilized for disinfecting water supplies?
What is used for disinfection and as a non-chlorine bleach, but its effectiveness is reduced by catalase enzyme breakdown?
What enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide?
What antiseptic agent is commonly used in acne medications?
What is a sterilizing agent effective after 30 minutes of exposure, used in medical and food processing equipment?
What compounds reduce surface tension, aiding in the removal of dirt, oil, and grease from surfaces?
What are detergents containing sulfates or phosphates, effective degermers?
What disrupt cell membranes and are found in antiseptics and disinfectants with good degerming action?
What are chemicals used as preservatives, surfactants, and active ingredients in disinfectants and sanitizers?
What are commonly used as anti-fungal preservatives?
What is used as a preservative in processed meats to inhibit microbial growth?
What are powerful protein denaturants that sterilize after 10-12 hours of exposure?
What is a traditional embalming agent, although its use is declining due to toxicity and irritability?
What is a less disagreeable alternative to formaldehyde, used for sterilizing medical equipment?
What agents denature proteins and sterilize after 4 hours of exposure, commonly used for medical equipment?
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