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Cards in this deck(100)
What is the term for the development of life from lifeless matter?
Who firmly believed that living things can come from nonliving matter?
Who started doubting and developed experiments to contradict abiogenesis?
Who ended the controversy of abiogenesis?
What type of organisms have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles?
Which of the following are examples of prokaryotes?
What type of organisms have membrane-bound cell organelles?
Which of the following are examples of eukaryotes?
What are noncellular, submicroscopic particles consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat?
What are proteins that misfold and become an infectious agent, lacking nucleic acids?
What are plant pathogens that do not have a protein coat?
What are electrically charged atoms, molecules, or particles due to electron loss or gain?
What are positively charged ions called?
What are negatively charged ions called?
What are free ions present in a solvent, such as water, called?
Molecules form by chemical bonding between which part of atoms?
The number of bonds possible between atoms is determined by the number of _____ needed to complete the outermost shell.
Compounds are made from atoms of _____ elements.
What type of bonds are created by sharing electrons with other atoms?
What is a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms called?
What is a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally called?
What is the result of a polar covalent bond where one end of the molecule is more negative and the other more positive?
What type of bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons?
What charge results from the loss of electrons in an ionic bond?
What are very weak bonds that involve attraction between charged atoms within a large molecule or between adjacent molecules?
What charge results from gaining an electron in an ionic bond?
Hydrogen bonds always involve a hydrogen atom with a _____ charge attracted to an oxygen or nitrogen atom with a _____ charge.
What is the formation of a larger molecule from smaller ones with the removal of H2O called?
What is the breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water called?
What substances can dissociate in water to form acids, bases, or salts?
What substances release hydrogen ions in a solution?
What substances release hydroxyl ions in a solution?
The higher the hydrogen ion concentration in the solution, the more _____ the solution.
A low hydrogen ion concentration of a solution indicates a _____ solution.
What scale measures the alkalinity or acidity of a solution based on hydrogen ion concentration?
What is the pH of an acidic solution?
What is the pH of a neutral solution?
What is the pH of a basic solution?
What is a solution called where the solute concentration is equal inside and outside of the cell?
What is a solution called where the solute concentration in the cell is less than outside of the cell?
What is a solution called where the solute concentration in the cell is higher than outside of the cell?
What forms when ions attract polar water molecules?
What are water-soluble (water-loving) compounds called?
What are compounds that are insoluble in water (water-repelling) called?
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids called?
What is the molecule responsible for the storage of genetic information?
What is the molecule responsible for directing protein synthesis?
What is the molecule responsible for energy transfer in cells?
What theory states that all living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function?
What are the methods of reproduction by cell division?
Cellular metabolism is organized in specific _____ pathways.
What are the responses to external and internal stimuli to changes in temperature, pH, and nutrient levels?
What are the functions of membrane proteins?
What type of bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and contain teichoic acid?
What is a collection of surface-associated microbes enclosed by an extracellular matrix?
What type of bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane?
What is the process of biofilm formation?
On what surfaces can biofilms form?
What are membrane-bound structures used for storage and water regulation in cells?
What are membrane-bound compartments used for metabolism, transport, and enzyme storage?
What are special structures formed by some bacteria to survive in harsh conditions?
All living cells are separated from their environment by _____ or by their cell walls.
Prokaryotic cells and unicellular organisms are in direct contact with _____ environment.
Multicellular organisms form tissues and are not in direct contact with _____ environment.
What is the fluid within cells that contains a high concentration of potassium, phosphate, and magnesium?
What is the fluid surrounding cells with high concentrations of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate?
What type of transport requires no cellular energy and involves movement down the concentration gradient?
What type of transport requires cellular energy and moves substances against the concentration gradient?
What is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration called?
What type of passive transport is carrier-mediated and requires a specific carrier?
What is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane called?
What is the pressure necessary to stop osmosis called?
What is the movement of molecules through a membrane along a gradient driven by hydrostatic pressure and gravity?
What are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without changing themselves?
What are the stages of aerobic cellular respiration?
What are the stages of anaerobic cellular respiration?
What is the first pathway of cellular respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm?
What are the steps involved in glycolysis?
What is the second stage of cellular respiration where pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide?
What is the sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during redox reactions?
How many ATPs are produced in the Electron Transport Chain?
How many ATPs are produced in glycolysis?
How many ATPs are consumed during glycolysis?
What is the total number of ATPs produced for each glucose molecule?
What process starts with glycolysis and has end products like lactic acid and ethyl alcohol?
What is the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA called?
What is the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template called?
What is the process of translating mRNA into amino acids via tRNA called?
What is controlled by RNA polymerase and involves the beginning sequence of transcription?
What is the formation of mRNA by complementary base pairing on a DNA template called?
What does each mRNA molecule contain that is complementary to the DNA template?
What is a specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid?
Some amino acids can be translated by different _____ sequences.
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
What are the stages of mitosis?
What happens during prophase in mitosis?
What happens during metaphase in mitosis?
What happens during anaphase in mitosis?
What happens during telophase in mitosis?
What is the process called when the cytoplasm divides to complete cell division?
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