What is the lifetime risk for a female versus a male to develop cancer? 1 in 6 for females, 1 in 5 for males 1 in 3 for females, 1 in 2 for males 1 in 4 for females, 1 in 3 for males 1 in 5 for females, 1 in 4 for males

1 in 3 for females, 1 in 2 for males

What are the recommendations to prevent cancer via modifiable risk factors? Be as lean as possible, avoid excessive weight gain, engage in regular physical activity Gain weight rapidly, avoid physical activity, consume processed foods Consume high-fat diets, avoid exercise, gain weight Be sedentary, consume alcohol excessively, avoid fruits and vegetables

Be as lean as possible, avoid excessive weight gain, engage in regular physical activity

What are the dietary recommendations to reduce cancer risk? Limit red meat, eat 2.5 cups of fruits and vegetables daily, eat whole grains, limit alcohol Eat high-fat diets, avoid fruits, consume only white bread, drink alcohol regularly Consume only processed foods, avoid whole grains, increase sugar intake, consume alcohol freely Increase red meat consumption, avoid fruits and vegetables, consume refined grains, increase alcohol

Limit red meat, eat 2.5 cups of fruits and vegetables daily, eat whole grains, limit alcohol

What are the most common detected cases of cancer in males and females? Males: colon and rectum, Females: breast Males: prostate, Females: ovarian Males: lung, Females: cervical Males: skin, Females: thyroid

Males: colon and rectum, Females: breast

What is carcinogenesis? The process of immune response The process of cell division The process of cell death The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells

The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells

Compare benign versus malignant tumors. Benign: always fatal; Malignant: never fatal Benign: noncancerous, encapsulated; Malignant: uncontrolled growth, invasive Benign: cancerous, invasive; Malignant: noncancerous, localized Benign: spreads rapidly; Malignant: does not spread

Benign: noncancerous, encapsulated; Malignant: uncontrolled growth, invasive

What are the three main characteristics of metastasizing tumors? Gain access to lymph and blood systems, travel to distant sites, establish new growth Cause immediate death, cannot be treated, are always detected early Only affect the skin, do not affect internal organs, are always benign Remain localized, do not invade, do not spread

Gain access to lymph and blood systems, travel to distant sites, establish new growth

Oncology- Lecture 2

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Medicine - Oncology

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Cards in this deck(76)

What is the lifetime risk for a female versus a male to develop cancer?

What are the recommendations to prevent cancer via modifiable risk factors?

Being overweight or obese has what impact on cancer risk?

What are the dietary recommendations to reduce cancer risk?

Which race or ethnicity is at the highest risk of cancer development?

What is the leading death-causing cancer in both males and females?

What are the most common detected cases of cancer in males and females?

What is carcinogenesis?

Compare benign versus malignant tumors.

What are the three main characteristics of metastasizing tumors?

What are the eight essential steps in the establishment of metastases?

Explain the process of transformation in cancer development.

Explain the role of angiogenesis in tumor development.

Explain the clonal dominance phenotype in cancer.

Explain the process of cell detachment in cancer metastasis.

Explain the concept of tumor cell emboli in cancer spread.

Explain the process of extravasation in cancer metastasis.

For a woman with average risk aged 40-44 years, when should breast cancer screening occur?

For a woman with average risk aged 45-54 years, when should breast cancer screening occur?

For a woman with average risk aged 55+ years, when should breast cancer screening occur?

For women with average risk of cervical cancer aged 21-29, how frequently should a pap test occur?

For women with average risk of cervical cancer aged 30-65, how frequently should an HPV and pap test occur? Just pap?

For women with average risk of cervical cancer aged 66+, how frequently should screening occur?

For men with average risk, when should prostate cancer screening begin?

Which cancer had the highest screening among cervical, breast, and colorectal?

What is the screening process if a patient is asymptomatic and has a positive screening or incidental finding?

What are the 7 warning signs of cancer? (CAUTION)

What are 4 symptoms that may indicate the presence of some form of cancer?

After surgery is done to remove the primary tumor, what should happen?

What does tumor staging determine?

What are the four tumor stages?

What happens in a Stage 1 or A tumor?

What happens in Stage 2 or B tumor?

What happens in Stage 3 or C tumor?

What happens in Stage 4 or D tumor?

In TNM staging, what does T mean and what is its scale?

In TNM staging, what does N mean and what is its scale?

In TNM staging, what does M mean and what is its scale?

In the primary tumor, what do Tx, T1, T2, T3, and T4 mean?

In lymph node involvement, what does N0 mean?

In what stage of N does lymph node involvement become contralateral?

What does M0 vs M1 mean in cancer staging?

What is the function of an ultrasound in cancer diagnosis?

What are the benefits and disadvantages of X-ray in cancer diagnosis?

What is endoscopy and its function in cancer diagnosis?

What is the function of mammography in cancer screening?

What are the functions, advantages, and disadvantages of a CT scan?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a Spiral CT?

What is the advantage of an MRI in cancer diagnosis?

How do PET scans work in detecting cancer?

What is the function and advantage of a bone scan in cancer diagnosis?

When is cancer treatment typically initiated?

What are target lesions in cancer treatment?

What are non-target lesions in cancer treatment?

What are the 7 functions of surgery in cancer treatment?

What is radiation therapy (XRT) and how does it work?

What are the three ways radiation therapy can be delivered?

What are the roles of radiation therapy in cancer treatment?

How can radiation therapy be toxic?

Where can radiation fail in cancer treatment?

Where can surgery fail in cancer treatment?

What is the benefit of pharmacological therapy in cancer treatment?

What is a weakness of pharmacological therapy in cancer treatment?

What are the four types of pharmacological treatments that can be used in cancer?

What is neo-adjuvant treatment in cancer therapy?

What are the two goals of neo-adjuvant therapy?

What is adjuvant treatment in cancer therapy?

How long is the adjuvant therapy given to the patient?

What are the goals of adjuvant treatment in cancer therapy?

Can you measure tumor response in adjuvant treatment?

What is the Recist criteria used for in cancer?

What does SD stand for in cancer treatment?

What is the duration of response in cancer treatment?

What do CR and PR stand for in cancer treatment?

How is the overall response rate (RR) determined in cancer treatment?

What does Overall Survival (OS) refer to in cancer studies?

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Oncology- Lecture 2

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