the thoughts and experiences of which we are aware of that impact our behaviors The psychodynamic theory:conscious broken car analogy regarding medication psychosurgery bio-psycho-social moedel

The psychodynamic theory:conscious

the thoughts and experiences of which we are unaware of that impact our behaviors what is the source of frued's theories latency the Big 5 weren't trying to explain what led to have these traits but rather The psychodynamic theory: Unconscious

The psychodynamic theory: Unconscious

a preconscious force whose only goal is to push us to do what is 'right' (society's standard) what did Freud's clinical work focus on who is Described as the first true personality psychologist The sources of forces: superego libido

The sources of forces: superego

accessing the unconscious traumas and/or needs that had to be addressed in order to understand a person what's another topic Frued explored? who developed Psychoanalysis what did Freud's clinical work focus on Sigmund Freud

what did Freud's clinical work focus on

PSYCH MIDTERM 3 Flashcards

Austria, doctor of medicine in 1881, physiology and psychodynamic movement (ernst wilhelm ritter bruke)

Biological mechanisms are behind thoughts and behavior

began working as a physician and treated patients, with Jean Charcot used hypnosis and other approaches to get the "unconscious", became popular and developed his own psychodynamic institute in Vienna

Explain individual differences (personality) and the abnormal, Freud introduced a theory called psychodynamic theory; personality is based on the interplay of conflicting forces within the individual

the thoughts and experiences of which we are aware of that impact our behaviors

the thoughts and experiences of which we are unaware of that impact our behaviors

an unconscious force that constantly seeks the satisfaction of basic needs (survival, sex, thirst, hunger, sleep)

a preconscious force whose only goal is to push us to do what is 'right' (society's standard)

a conscious force that we develop in the social world and operates on the reality principle- seeking to satisfy id's and the superego's desires in realistic ways

accessing the unconscious traumas and/or needs that had to be addressed in order to understand a person

bringing the unconscious "up" to change personality or address the abnormal Psychoanalysis Hypnosis Free association Dream Interpretation "Freudian Slips"

Focus on sexual trauma/frustration; Argued that we all have sexual drive that can result in problems in life

sexual desire

0-18 months - mouth-centered stimulation- oral fixations

18-36 months - potty training docus - anal retentiveness

3-6 years - genital/gender exploration = penis envy, gender intensification, castration fear

6 to puberty - no libido

puberty+ - maturation of sexual interest - sexual issues

personal insights, case studies

(Bertha Pappenheim)Freud's *first* psychoanalytic patient; suffered from *hysteria*

Note 1: lack of empirical work (Freud and his students never used surveys or experiments) Note 2: questions about if case studies were actually true

-Most of his theories of psychosexual development and the unconscious have not panned out -His attempts to link disorders like schizophrenia, depression, and others to childhood trauma led to a lot of undesirable outcomes -Many psychologist began exploring the field in a much less scientific way after Frued became popular

-Personality and clinical psychology started to take form -Mental health views transitioned -Medical view to psychological concerns -Appreciation of the complexity of desires/drives -Consideration for Childhood -Discussion of the impact of sexual life in our behaviors and mental health -Exploration of levels of consciousness -Note differences between Freud's unconscious and our current version of the subconscious (implicit mental life)

1875-1961; colleague of Freud's for a long time (heir apparent); accepted Freud's belief about the formation of personality

-Our past experiences have an impact on our personalities -Broke with Freud's work because of his differing beliefs about personality formation -Our personal unconscious did not contain the basic instincts that Freud proposed (primarily the id) -Our look toward the future and striving for goals is equally important -There is a spiritual component to personality Archetypes Collective unconscious

1902-1987; Formed an approach to personality and clinical psychology -humanistic approach

an approach to psychology that assumes positive aspects of individuals and examines our attempts to overcome hardship and despair

ther person that we are

the person that we want to be

the belief in the ability to accomplish a goal/task

The achievement of one's full potential that results in great accomplishments and is obtained through the alignment of selves

Maslow's pyramid of human needs; must satisfy levels below before reaching to next; can go up and down pyramid stages

learning

social interactions

How to see our different environments\ What to expect oit of those environment

what we want from situations, how we obtain what we want

(impact early social cognitive theorist)Focused his research on how we learn to develop personality-related behaviors -modeling -bobo doll experiment

the process of developing behaviors based on the observation of clothes and the outcomes that they experience

(impact early social cognitive theorist) Believes human behaviour is largely determined by the situation rather than traits -thoughts behind day-to-day behavior to describe personality

Focused research on the cognitions that we develop that form our personality -Expectations of results from behaviors -Interpretations of the situation -introduced competencies

The skill sets that we have available to deal with social situations -"You are extrovert because you don't shut up" -Byproduct of things that come before it

Proved that indivual differences can be summed up in interpretation and how they are manifested

Best known for delay gratification work -Marshmellow test - kids ability to delayed gratification Controversy, is it universal? -Used concrete research

Individual differences, but we look at the basic definition of the unexplored area

combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character

a distinguishing character or quality that can be used to describe consistent behaviors in an individual Researchers asked how do we describe people?

-Born November 11, 1897, in Montezuma Indiana -Youngest of 4 sons, brother studied psychology also -Attended Harvard for undergrad with a degree in philosophy and economics in 1919 -Taught a year in Robert College (Istanbul) before grad school

When considering grad work in psych, he decided to travel to Vienna and meet with Frued at his Psychodynamic Institute ("breakthrough moment") -Impressions of Freud: wrote a note to Freud and went to his office, and he said nothing but had no actual reason, then mentioned a boy with dirt phobia, freud misspoke his motives

Decided on Harvard, earned PhD at the age of 24 (in 2 years) -Focus on traits themselves and measure things within people -Presented his theories of personality (from grad) to his colleagues at his dissertation talk- and was rejected to some extent

enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behavior-> their classification and measurement (1921)

Gordon Allport

-One of the 1st researchers to focus his research almost entirely on "healthy" individuals and individual difference -Must find a line between clinical and personality -Wasn't interested in abnormal qualities to do basic research -Believed traits to be the heart of personality -Explored the biological basis of traits and how they impact behaviors -Physiology -Genetic inheritance

-Frequency - % of occurrences -Intensity - strength of occurrences -Range - situations eliciting occurences

-Even though he believed that understanding was critical to explaining individual differences and that research was crucial to personality psychology, some of his ideas made pursuing this philosophy difficult -Unique trait combinations of individuals -Variations in the number of traits needed to describe a person -Focus on the ways that traits can manifest themselves differently across situations

work on the big 5: The dictionary: Allport and Odbert Looked in dictionaries to find everyday words in English that related to personality 18,000 How many works are traits like compiling a comprehensive list

comparing words for synonyms and antonyms -Saw that Allport was overlapping words, don't need repeats -Similar to each other (nice and friendly) -Opposite of each other (nice and mean) Reduced down to 35 traits

Conducting "factor analyses" to see which remaining words/traits emerged -How things in a list cluster together, pretending consistencies -Found the ones that overlapped with each other in response frequency -This reduction left us with a total of 5 personality traits... the BIG 5

OCEAN

curious, original, intellectual, creative, and open to new ideas

organized, systematic, punctual, achievement, oriented, and dependable

outgoing, talkative, sociable, and enjoys being in social situations

affable, tolerant, sensitive, trusting, kind, and warm

anxious, irritable, temperamental, moody

saying how we can measure general tendencies and what we can use this for -> quantifying where you are for predictive purposes

-Not always a good predictor of other cultures --English dictionary --Most cultures do seem to have some overlap --Started replicating approach in other languages -Might have too few variables --Religious levels, humor, etc -Might have too many variables --Positive E and O correlation --Negative correlation between N and E and between N and O -Might not be a good predictor of specific behaviors --"Cap" on predictive value of Big 5

Though traits attempt to avoid caution, many have attempted to look at the cause of traits -Genetics seem to matter a lot on traits you possess, overlook physical traits (if you're pretty, people will assume you're confident) -Uncharted environments also matter

social interactions and identify shape personality traits and our interpretations of them (groups you are a part of to define you) -cliques/memberships -Anchoring effects

When you rate yourself on something, they do rate themselves in comparison to entire popular but rather people you know -> bais -Ask kids at Berkeley how studious they are, "I only study 10 hours, so not studious," but compared to community college...

French physician who inspired the use of actives and occupations and moral treatment, Parisian hospital system

-historical prespectives -pinel -frued -bio-psycho social model -diathesis

Abnormal behavior and/or thoughts is the result of biological sociocultural, and/or psychological factors that combine and interact -Biology matters in what mental health issues might manifest

Biological predispositions and environmental stress are both necessary components for the manifestation of abnormal behaviors or thoughts Tries to predict the likelihood of mental health issues by looking at genetics

(address the biological) Based on the idea that abnormal is caused by physical abnormalities of the brain or nervous system Snip off parts of the brain they thought are causing problems

(address the biological) Lobotomies Electro-Convulsive Shock Therapy (ECT) Send electricity once we realized the brain emits electricity

almost always focused on identifiable causes

(address the biological) Assumes that there is a cellular/neurochemical link to certain disorders and mental issues -Benefits: quick results and powerful reduction of symptoms, wide range og symptom applications -Costs" overmedication, addiction, tolerance effects, long term value concerns Iwaning effects and no end), concern over what's being "fixed" (car analogy)

Broken car, add oli or it won't work BUT mechanic also says this is the SOLUTION to the problem, don't worry about fixing anything else Might seem less logical -> similar to medication approach What else needs to be addressed?

treatment of psychological disorders and mental issues through methods that include an interactive relationship between a trained therapist and client or clients

the source of mental health issues os thought based

addressing the mental sources of mental health issues -there are MANY forms of psychotherapy that exist

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud, based on psychodynamic theory

unconscious thoughts, memories, and emotions that are disturbing bring them to our conscious mind and then address them -Explores both present and past -Utilizes different techniques (talk, hypnosis, dream interpretation) -Very interactive, expensive, and long process

behavioral approach

-Focus is on adjusting actions in order to eventually change the mind -Begins with clear, well-defined goals -Attempts to achieve those goals through different learning topics and the strengthening of behavioral connections

behavioral approach systematic desentization example

Not used widely across mental health issues, but it has proven to be effective as a treatment with several disorders (substance abuse, phobias, and some eating disorders)

BEHAVIORAL:Marium has a phobia of snakes Boston university, David Barlow and Lars-Goran Ost from Sweden to demonstrate the therapy Strip problem down to essence -> brief exposure therapy Some people used virtually reality Interview for 45 minutes, then prepare for 15 mins, and find catastrophic belief She thinks she'll have heart failure No deep breathing or relaxation -> this masks anxiety Guy stood with the snake on other side of the room Then she approached the snake Habitation, confident increase, cognitive changes, acceptingg to take in new information After 1 hour she names the snake Alf and starts touching it 3 hour program success Maintenance, zoo, nature films After 2 months, she has dreams with snakes and have no anxiety

Humanisic; self-concept and unconditional positive regard drive personality

-Alternative to mental health, how people could be helped with indivual differences, more about people understanding themselves, not past -Assumes mental health issues are a product of disliking, misperceiving or generating an incongruence of selves

Assumes that "clients" are the only ones that can detect what is required to reach their full potential (self-actualization) and address the reasons for why they sought therapy in the 1st place

A humanistic approach to treatment developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizing an individual's tendency for healthy psychological growth through self-actualization. -Incorporates total acceptance and unconditional positive regard of the "client" -Also involves mirroring and "client" directed conversations

A treatment technique that seeks to improve people's psychological well-being by changing their thoughts, emotions, and or behaviors that are linked to a disorder or stressful experiences; address cognitions, emotions, actions

by most clinicians doing treatment efficacy research across a wide range of disorders

form of CBT that assumes that problems are result of one's inappropriate/irrational emotional reactions to situations (Ellis) Best way to help is have them point out situations of strong emotions and challenge those specific emotional reactions

CBT, pointed out all of her flaws

psychotherapy provided over a short time frame, usually between three and five sessions: Don't see clinitation for hours, but will talk for a few minutes once a month and coming up with a plan Don't work well on its own, but used with medication and this is when its effective Seem as a solution to a complicated problem, maybe not best though

Groups of people talk to clinication at the same time People like it

Therapist is taken out of the situation, like AA

(eclectic therapy) Psychotherapy that uses an approach developed from theories that cut across theoretical lines, Therapy should be catered to the client,

PSYCH MIDTERM 3

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