Which of the following mediators are primarily responsible for vasodilation? Histamine, Prostaglandin, PGD2, PGI2, PGE2 TNF, IL1, Chemokines Thromboxane A2, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 Lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes, ROS

Histamine, Prostaglandin, PGD2, PGI2, PGE2

Which mediators are known to cause vasoconstriction? Histamine, Prostaglandin, PGD2, PGI2, PGE2 Macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes Thromboxane A2, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 IL1, TNF, Prostaglandins

Thromboxane A2, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

Which mediators increase vascular permeability? IL1, TNF, Prostaglandins Thromboxane A2, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 TNF, IL1, Chemokines Histamine, seratonin, C3A, C5A, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

Histamine, seratonin, C3A, C5A, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

Which mediators are involved in chemotaxis, leukocyte recruitment, and activation? TNF, IL1, Chemokines, C3A, C5A, Leukotriene B4, HETE Histamine, Prostaglandin, PGD2, PGI2, PGE2 Thromboxane A2, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 IL1, TNF, Prostaglandins

TNF, IL1, Chemokines, C3A, C5A, Leukotriene B4, HETE

Which substances are responsible for tissue damage during inflammation? Histamine, Prostaglandin, PGD2, PGI2, PGE2 IL1, TNF, Prostaglandins Thromboxane A2, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 Lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes, ROS

Lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes, ROS

What is the source of TNF in the body? Thromboxane A2, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 Macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes IL1, TNF, Prostaglandins Histamine, Prostaglandin, PGD2, PGI2, PGE2

Macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes

What is the principal action of TNF in the inflammatory response? Stimulates expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and secretion of other cytokines, systemic effects Increased production of IFN-gamma Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial activation Recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation, migration of cells in normal tissues

Stimulates expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and secretion of other cytokines, systemic effects

What is the principal source of IL-1 in the body? Macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells Macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes Histamine, Prostaglandin, PGD2, PGI2, PGE2 Thromboxane A2, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

Macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells

What are the two portions of the shoot system in plants? The vegetative (non-reproductive) parts and the reproductive parts The bark and the wood The root and the stem The leaves and the flowers

The vegetative (non-reproductive) parts and the reproductive parts

What are the three main functions of the roots in plants? Transport water, store energy, produce oxygen Anchor the plant to soil, absorb water/nutrients, store products of photosynthesis Produce flowers, generate seeds, attract pollinators Support the stem, produce leaves, conduct photosynthesis

Anchor the plant to soil, absorb water/nutrients, store products of photosynthesis

What is pus composed of, and what is an example of its formation? Dead phagocytes and damaged cells; example: Streptococcus pyrogens producing leukocidins Dead erythrocytes and healthy cells; example: viral infection Live erythrocytes and damaged cells; example: fungal infection Live phagocytes and healthy cells; example: E. coli infection

Dead phagocytes and damaged cells; example: Streptococcus pyrogens producing leukocidins

What are abscesses, and what are common examples of them? Inflamed tissue areas; examples include rashes and hives Solid tissue masses; examples include cysts and tumors Fluid-filled sacs; examples include blisters and vesicles Hollowed out tissue cavities; examples include boils and pimples

Hollowed out tissue cavities; examples include boils and pimples

What are some harmful effects of inflammation in the body? Damage to meninges, airway obstruction, and tissue walling off Enhanced healing, increased immune response, and cell regeneration Decreased blood flow, reduced inflammation, and tissue breakdown Increased blood flow, reduced immune response, and tissue repair

Damage to meninges, airway obstruction, and tissue walling off

How is fever defined in terms of its response to chemicals? A stable body temperature despite chemical changes A fluctuation in body temperature unrelated to chemicals A decrease in body temperature due to chemical reactions A response to different chemicals that raises body temperature

A response to different chemicals that raises body temperature

What causes a fever in the human body? Enzymes, also known as catalysts Exotoxins, also known as antigens Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins Endotoxins, also known as pyrogens

Endotoxins, also known as pyrogens

What are the benefits of having a fever during an infection? Lower body temperature optimal for pathogens, decreased immune response, patient feels energetic Higher body temperature optimal for pathogens, increased immune response, patient feels ill and rests Fluctuating body temperature, decreased immune response, patient feels restless Stable body temperature, no change in immune response, patient feels normal

Higher body temperature optimal for pathogens, increased immune response, patient feels ill and rests

What are the three primary functions of the complement system in the immune response? Inhibit cell division, protect healthy cells, stimulate inflammatory response Enhance phagocytosis, lyse invading cells, stimulate inflammatory response Enhance cell division, lyse healthy cells, suppress inflammatory response Inhibit phagocytosis, protect invading cells, reduce inflammatory response

Enhance phagocytosis, lyse invading cells, stimulate inflammatory response

What are the functions of lymphokines in the immune system? Enhance macrophage migration, deactivate macrophages, protect foreign cells Inhibit macrophage migration, activate macrophages, poison foreign cells or viruses Inhibit macrophage migration, deactivate macrophages, protect healthy cells Enhance macrophage migration, activate macrophages, poison healthy cells

Inhibit macrophage migration, activate macrophages, poison foreign cells or viruses

What is the function of the Central Nervous System (CNS)? To process and coordinate sensory data from inside and outside the body To deliver sensory information to the CNS and carry motor commands to peripheral tissues To relay nerve impulses from the CNS to the rest of the body and back again To control involuntary responses of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

To process and coordinate sensory data from inside and outside the body

What is the function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? Delivers sensory information to the CNS and carries motor commands to peripheral tissues Processes and coordinates sensory data from inside and outside the body Relays nerve impulses from the CNS to the rest of the body and back again Controls involuntary responses of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Delivers sensory information to the CNS and carries motor commands to peripheral tissues

Explain the afferent division of the nervous system. It processes and coordinates sensory data from inside and outside the body It carries sensory information from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs to the CNS It carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue It controls voluntary and involuntary contractions of skeletal muscle

It carries sensory information from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs to the CNS

Explain the efferent division of the nervous system. It delivers sensory information to the CNS and carries motor commands to peripheral tissues It carries sensory information from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs to the CNS It processes and coordinates sensory data from inside and outside the body It carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue

It carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue

What is the function of the central nervous system? Delivering sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to peripheral tissues Receiving, processing, and responding to sensory information Relaying nerve impulses from the CNS to the rest of the body and back again Controlling involuntary responses of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Receiving, processing, and responding to sensory information

What is the main function of the peripheral nervous system? To process and coordinate sensory data from inside and outside the body To relay nerve impulses from the CNS to the rest of the body and back again To control involuntary responses of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands To carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue

To relay nerve impulses from the CNS to the rest of the body and back again

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