What are the two primary functions of the spinal cord? Provide centers for reflex action & serve as a pathway for impulses to and from the brain Store memories & process emotions Control voluntary movements & regulate body temperature Filter sensory information & produce hormones

Provide centers for reflex action & serve as a pathway for impulses to and from the brain

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system? Sympathetic and parasympathetic Central and peripheral Somatic and autonomic Sensory and motor

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

What are some ways to assess motor function in a patient? Push palm/sole against examiner hand, pick up objects, grasp firmly, resist object removal Evaluate sensitivity to heat, cold, touch, and pain Assess reflexes and measure blood pressure Perform lumbar puncture and measure CSF pressure

Push palm/sole against examiner hand, pick up objects, grasp firmly, resist object removal

How can sensory function be assessed in a patient? Evaluate extremities for sensitivity to heat, cold, touch, and pain using cotton balls and sharp objects Perform motor function tests like grasping objects Measure blood pressure and heart rate Conduct a lumbar puncture to obtain CSF samples

Evaluate extremities for sensitivity to heat, cold, touch, and pain using cotton balls and sharp objects

What is the purpose of a lumbar puncture? To evaluate sensory function using cotton balls To measure blood pressure and heart rate To obtain samples of CSF from the subarachnoid space and measure CSF pressure To assess motor function by testing reflexes

To obtain samples of CSF from the subarachnoid space and measure CSF pressure

What should you do for a patient after a lumbar puncture? Have them sit upright for 3 hours Encourage them to walk immediately Make sure they lay on their backs for at least 3 hours Allow them to resume normal activities immediately

Make sure they lay on their backs for at least 3 hours

What are the essential components of the adaptive immune system? Complement activation, opsonization, and chemotaxis Antigen presentation, phagocytosis, and inflammation Diversity generation mechanism, clonal expansion mechanism, and immunological memory Cytokine production, antibody secretion, and cell lysis

Diversity generation mechanism, clonal expansion mechanism, and immunological memory

What are the characteristics of neutrophils, the most abundant leukocytes? Reside in lymph nodes, produce cytokines, long-lived Long-lived, antigen-presenting, produce antibodies Produced in the bone marrow, most abundant leukocyte, short-lived. Produce ROS and NETs Short-lived, reside in tissues, produce histamines

Produced in the bone marrow, most abundant leukocyte, short-lived. Produce ROS and NETs

What are Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) and their function? NETs are enzymes that digest pathogens NETs are lipids that disrupt cell membranes NETs are proteins that neutralize toxins NETs are structures that tangle up and trap microbes

NETs are structures that tangle up and trap microbes

What is the primary function of dendritic cells in the immune system? To take up antigen and present it to T cells in the thymus for activation To produce antibodies against pathogens To phagocytose and destroy pathogens To secrete cytokines for immune signaling

To take up antigen and present it to T cells in the thymus for activation

How do dendritic cells efficiently traffic to the thymus? By direct cell-to-cell contact - limited movement Through blood vessels - passive transport Via lymphatic vessels - slow migration Using chemokines - very efficient system

Using chemokines - very efficient system

What is a plasmacytoid dendritic cell and its function? Resembles a plasma cell, produces large amounts of IFN type I (e.g. IFN alpha) A macrophage subtype involved in phagocytosis A type of B cell that produces antibodies A T cell variant that secretes cytokines

Resembles a plasma cell, produces large amounts of IFN type I (e.g. IFN alpha)

How do CD4 T cells activate macrophages to enhance their antimicrobial activity? CD4 T cells directly lyse infected cells CD4 T cells secrete antibodies that opsonize pathogens CD4 T cells inhibit macrophage apoptosis CD4 T cells release IFNy to macrophages, activating anti-microbial activity. Macrophage becomes toxic to intracellular pathogens

CD4 T cells release IFNy to macrophages, activating anti-microbial activity. Macrophage becomes toxic to intracellular pathogens

What is the role of Natural Killer (NK) cells in recognizing and lysing target cells? NK cells phagocytose and digest pathogens NK cells recognize MHC-I on cell surface. Interaction with MHC-I provides inhibitory signal to NK cell. Without the inhibitory signal, NK cells are active and lyse the target cell NK cells produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens NK cells secrete cytokines to recruit other immune cells

NK cells recognize MHC-I on cell surface. Interaction with MHC-I provides inhibitory signal to NK cell. Without the inhibitory signal, NK cells are active and lyse the target cell

Which of the following best describes valve stenosis, focusing on the narrowing or failure to open completely? Failure of the valve to close completely Valve functioning normally but with reduced efficiency Narrowing of the valve opening or failure to open completely Blood leaking backward from where it is supposed to go

Narrowing of the valve opening or failure to open completely

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