What is the role of pain reflex arcs in the central nervous system? Pain reflex arcs are involved in the regulation of heart rate Pain reflex arcs are located in the brainstem Pain reflex arcs integrate with the CNS at interneurons around the spinal cord Pain reflex arcs are responsible for voluntary muscle movements

Pain reflex arcs integrate with the CNS at interneurons around the spinal cord

What is an effector in the context of physiology? A gland that secretes hormones into the bloodstream An organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus A type of neuron that transmits signals to the brain A receptor that detects changes in the environment

An organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus

What is epinephrine, and what is its function? Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress A neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels A hormone that controls calcium levels in the blood

Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress

What is adrenaline, and what role does it play in the body? A hormone that gives the body extra energy A neurotransmitter that enhances memory A neurotransmitter that calms the nervous system A hormone that regulates sleep cycles

A hormone that gives the body extra energy

What are adrenal glands, and what is their function? Glands that produce digestive enzymes A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones Glands that regulate body temperature Glands that control water balance in the body

A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones

What is the endocrine system, and what does it regulate? A network of nerves that transmit sensory information A system that controls voluntary muscle movements Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use A system that filters waste from the blood

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use

What are baroreceptors, and what do they detect? Detect changes in body temperature Detect changes in oxygen levels Detect changes in blood glucose levels Detect changes in blood pressure

Detect changes in blood pressure

-Continuation of the species -Combining genetic material to pass on to future generations -Secretion of hormones What are functions of the reproductive system? Where are the fimbrae located in femal anatomy? Contractions of the uterus begin in which stage of labor? Caused by bacteria and results in a lesion at the site of entry followed by a rash and brain infection

What are functions of the reproductive system?

Transport both semen and urine, but not at the same time Where is the fallopian tube located? Testosterone causes what things to occur? What is the purpose of the male urethra? Where is the ampulla located on the fallopian tube?

What is the purpose of the male urethra?

Egg shaped organ that is supported by the scrotum Where are the testicles located? Where is the fallopian tube located? In which organ does spermatogenesis occur? Where is the urethra located in male anatomy?

Where are the testicles located?

sits on top each of the testes In which organ does spermatogenesis occur? This structure is between the body of the uterus and the vagina Where is the epididymis located? Which hormone stimulates milk secretion and maintains the uterine linings during pregnancy?

Where is the epididymis located?

chord that runs from the epididiymis to the prostate Where is the vas deferens located? During which stage of labor is the placenta pushed out of the uterus? Which hormone initiates the growth of the endometrial lining in the uterus and is also responsible for body fat distribution in females? In which form of meiosis will only one viable gamete be produced?

Where is the vas deferens located?

posterior to bladder Where is the vagina located? Where are the seminal vesicles located? This structure is between the body of the uterus and the vagina What happens in the testes?

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

Tube that runs from bladder to the tip of the penis Where is the urethra located in male anatomy? In which organ does spermatogenesis occur? Where are ovaries located in the femal body? Where is the ampulla located on the fallopian tube?

Where is the urethra located in male anatomy?

Expanded portion at the distal end of the penis What happens in the testes? What layer of the uterine wall makes up the majority of the uterus and consists of smooth muscle? Where is the isthmus located on the fallopian tube? Where is the glans of the penis located?

Where is the glans of the penis located?

What are the topics covered in the free-response questions on the APES exam? Evaluate biodiversity, assess water quality, propose conservation strategies Discuss climate change, analyze pollution effects, propose renewable energy solutions Analyze soil composition, study atmospheric layers, propose agricultural improvements Design an investigation, analyze an environmental problem, propose a solution using calculations

Design an investigation, analyze an environmental problem, propose a solution using calculations

What is the main difference between free-response questions 2 and 3 on the APES exam? Question 3 focuses on theoretical concepts Question 3 requires calculations using dimensional analysis Question 2 requires a lab experiment design Question 2 involves a case study analysis

Question 3 requires calculations using dimensional analysis

How are global terrestrial biomes arranged from the equator to the poles? Desert, savanna grasslands, tropical dry forest, tropical rain forest, temperate grasslands, taiga, tundra Savanna grasslands, desert, tropical dry forest, tropical rain forest, temperate grasslands, taiga, tundra Tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest, temperate grasslands, desert, savanna grasslands, tropical dry forest, tropical rain forest Tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, savanna grasslands, desert, temperate grasslands, temperate deciduous forest, taiga, tundra

Tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, savanna grasslands, desert, temperate grasslands, temperate deciduous forest, taiga, tundra

What is ecological tolerance? The level of biodiversity within a specific habitat The capacity of a species to adapt to environmental changes The ability of an ecosystem to recover from disturbances The range of conditions an organism can endure before injury or death

The range of conditions an organism can endure before injury or death

What does a survivorship curve represent? The carrying capacity of an environment The growth rate of a population over time A plot of the number of members of a cohort still alive at each age The distribution of species in an ecosystem

A plot of the number of members of a cohort still alive at each age

Sarcoid Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma Papilloma What are the four most common skin tumors of horses? What are clinical features of sarcoids as a whole in regards to invasion What is the signalment of melanoma in horses? Where is it likely to occur? This animal can run up to 37MPH. It is a desert animal and there are 4 species in the genus

What are the four most common skin tumors of horses?

Sarcoid This is the most common of the skin tumors of horses What should clients be educated on in regards to sarcoids? Radiation is or is not effective for sarcoids? What are the four appearance types of sarcoid?

This is the most common of the skin tumors of horses

Bovine papillomavirus-1/2 Warts are more common in young or old horses? Genital papillomas are more common in young or old horses? What is the signalment of melanoma in horses? Where is it likely to occur? What is the signalment of horses that get sarcoids? Where on the body are they usually located? What virus is associated with sarcoid development?

What virus is associated with sarcoid development?

Appaloosas Arabians QH What are clinical features of occult/flat sarcoids? Fibroplastic sarcoids resemble what? What is the best diagnostic for SCC? What horse breeds are more pre-disposed to sarcoid?

What horse breeds are more pre-disposed to sarcoid?

Skin wounds What are topical chemo options for sarcoids? Sarcoids are a recognized complication of what? What is the best chemotherapy option for sarcoids? What horse breeds are more pre-disposed to sarcoid?

Sarcoids are a recognized complication of what?

Any breed*, any sex, any age Located anywhere on the body Appaloosa, Arabian, QH may be more prone due to association with cattle What are topical chemo options for sarcoids? What is the signalment of horses that get sarcoids? Where on the body are they usually located? What are clinical features of sarcoids as a whole in regards to invasion What are therapy options for dermal melanoma?

What is the signalment of horses that get sarcoids? Where on the body are they usually located?

Occult (flat) Fibroblastic Nodular Mixed Verrucous sarcoids have what appearance? What are clinical features of sarcoids as a whole in regards to invasion What are the four appearance types of sarcoid? This is the most common of the skin tumors of horses

What are the four appearance types of sarcoid?

Alopecia, scale, hyperkeratosis What are clinical features of occult/flat sarcoids? Warts are more common in young or old horses? Genital papillomas are more common in young or old horses? What virus is associated with sarcoid development? What are therapy options for dermal melanoma?

What are clinical features of occult/flat sarcoids?

Warty What are treatments of SCC? This is the most common of the skin tumors of horses Viral papillomas are benign or malignant? Verrucous sarcoids have what appearance?

Verrucous sarcoids have what appearance?

Nodular What are four presentations for papillomas? This is the most common of the skin tumors of horses This type of sarcoid resembles other neoplasms and may become more aggressive when traumatized What virus is associated with sarcoid development?

This type of sarcoid resembles other neoplasms and may become more aggressive when traumatized

from bb: Most notable observations: vertical bone loss #29, mesial. (Do you understand why this is referred to as #29, mesial?), also referred to as an angular (bony) defect. horizontal bone loss, interproximal #29 and 30. Radiographic suggestion of furcation #30. (stating "Furcation #30" would be technically incorrect) Calculus (likely) Caries at distal #30 Mandibular tori (likely) PARL distal root #30 PA radiograph taken of the mandibular right sextant. Please list radiographic observations What is the first line of antibiotics for a periodontal abscess? Timing of EIT: - reevaluation should occur about __-__ weeks after SCRP - substantial reduction or elimination of gingival inflammation occurs within how much time? Which stage of periodontitis? Interdental CAL: 3-4 mm RBL: coronal third (15-33%) Tooth loss: no tooth loss Local: max probing depth ≤5mm, mostly horizontal bone loss

PA radiograph taken of the mandibular right sextant. Please list radiographic observations

Mandibular tori (bilateral mandibular tori) Note radiographic appearance / RO Patient is a 45 year old african american male. You are given two images (photo and some PA films) What is the structure in the green box? Is their (given) evidence without clinically palpating the area? Most gingival enlargement lesions appear within (how long?) of beginning drug use Which local contributing factor? - restorative materials/restorations: overhangs, contour - open/light contact: food impaction - fixed or removable partial dentures - orthodontic appliances What are these descriptors for? - rolled margins - rough or smooth and thick - erythematous - scalloped

Patient is a 45 year old african american male. You are given two images (photo and some PA films) What is the structure in the green box? Is their (given) evidence without clinically palpating the area?

The key is local contributing factors ... Calculus is visible in the image. Do not list plaque as a local contributing factor; more correctly plaque/bacteria is the etiology. You may however list poor plaque control as a local contributing factor; I think this is easily implied by the image! Tooth malposition is another major local contributing factor to this case. You might surmise the patient is a smoker, based on the staining; however, I would not list smoking as a local contributing factor...more correctly described as a systemic risk factor for Chronic Periodontitis. Assume the diagnosis is Chronic Periodontitis. List local contributing factors observed in the image. which grade mobility according to Miller? movement within and up to 1 mm in horizontal direction Patient is a 45 year old african american male. You are given two images (photo and some PA films) What is the structure in the green box? Is their (given) evidence without clinically palpating the area? Which phase of perio treatment? - pocket reduction surgery - relocation of gingival margin - regenerative procedures - gingival augmentation

Assume the diagnosis is Chronic Periodontitis. List local contributing factors observed in the image.

The green box. The orange is a close second... but note the gingiva does not appear very firm... there is a little erythema too, compared to the green box. Which McGuire and Nunn prognosis? approximately 25% attachment loss and/or class I furcation involvement Timing of EIT: - reevaluation should occur about __-__ weeks after SCRP - substantial reduction or elimination of gingival inflammation occurs within how much time? Which stage of periodontitis? Interdental CAL: ≥ 5 mm RBL: extending to middle third of root and beyond Tooth loss: ≥ 5 teeth Local: in addition to stage III complexity: need for complex rehabilitation due to: masticatory dysfunction, secondary occlusal trauma (tooth mobility), severe ridge defects, bite collapse, drifting, flaring, <20 remaining teeth (10 opposing pairs) Which box (color) has the gingiva with the least amount of clincial inflammation?

Which box (color) has the gingiva with the least amount of clincial inflammation?

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