What is a Pap Smear test used for? Detecting ovarian cysts Examination of cervix and uterine cells Measuring hormone levels Testing for pregnancy

Examination of cervix and uterine cells

What are the layers of the uterus from outermost to innermost? Outer: Perimetrium, Middle: Endometrium, Inner: Myometrium Outer: Myometrium, Middle: Endometrium, Inner: Serosa/Perimetrium Outer: Endometrium, Middle: Myometrium, Inner: Serosa/Perimetrium Outer: Serosa/Perimetrium, Middle: Myometrium, Inner: Endometrium

Outer: Serosa/Perimetrium, Middle: Myometrium, Inner: Endometrium

What is Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)? When the prostate gland is enlarged but not cancerous Cancer of the prostate gland Inflammation of the prostate gland Infection of the prostate gland

When the prostate gland is enlarged but not cancerous

What is prostatitis? Enlargement of the prostate gland Inflammation of the prostate gland Infection of the prostate gland Cancer of the prostate gland

Inflammation of the prostate gland

Intact Skin - physical barrier - difficult to penetrate Keratin - repels water maintains a dry environment Mucosal epithelial cells that are shed take attached microbes with them Mucociliary escalator helps remove microbes What is a crisis of fever? B and T Lymphocytes: where do they form and where do they mature, respectively? First line defenses The role of skin and mucous membranes in innate immunity diapedesis

First line defenses The role of skin and mucous membranes in innate immunity

Lysozyme in tears, saliva, mucous, blood, phagocytes ▪ Peroxidase systems use H2O2 against microbes ▪ Antimicrobial peptides (defensins) form pores in microbial membranes damaging them Where in the human body are adaptive immune responses initiated? What is the effector action of the natural killer cells (NK)? 1Vector-borne pathogens (mechanical and biological functions of vectors, outline the difference) Antimicrobial substances and their respective role, provide examples

Antimicrobial substances and their respective role, provide examples

Propionibacterium degrades lipids to fatty acids inhibiting the growth of pathogens ▪ E. coli can synthesize colicins in intestinal tract (toxic to some bacteria) ▪ Lactobacillus decreases the pH in the vagina Damage may help pathogen to exit and spread ▪ Vibrio cholerae ▪ Bordetella pertussis\ Competitive exclusion of pathogens by the normal microbiota contributes to defense mechanisms of the human body. Name some examples Antimicrobial substances and their respective role, provide examples What is an epitope?

Competitive exclusion of pathogens by the normal microbiota contributes to defense mechanisms of the human body. Name some examples

Hematopoiesis: the formation and development of blood cells, including those of the body's defenses All blood cells originate from the same cell type called the hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow Blood Cells 1) Erythrocytes 2) Platelets 3) WBC/Leukocytes diapedesis B lymphocyte Blood cells? hematopoiesis? the hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow? What is an epitope?

Blood cells? hematopoiesis? the hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow?

Granulocytes 1) Neutrophils [55-65%] Function: phagocytize and engulf material Can kill in 3 different ways a. Phagocytosis b) release content of granules (destructive enzymes + antimicrobial substances) c. NETs release DNA to form neutrophil extracellular traits 2. Eosinophils [2-4%] Inflammatory reaction/ immunity to some parasites 3. Basophils [0-1%], mast cells Function: release histamine + other inflammation-inducing chemicals from granules Plasma cell What are the sites of the body with the normal microbiota? What are the granulocytes and what is their respective function? What is the difference between localized and systemic diseases?

What are the granulocytes and what is their respective function?

Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) Monocytes phagocytize and digest engulfed material Macrophages- sentinel cells 1. phagocytize and digest engulfed material 2. put "bits" of the invader on their surfaces to display them to cells of the adaptive immune system Dendritic cells collect antigen from tissues and then bring it to the lymphocytes [T CELLS] that gather in the secondary lymphoid organisms What is the function of the BCRs on B cells? What is the function of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells? WHAT SYSTEM are they apart of What is meant by opportunistic pathogens of the normal microbiota? What is an epitope?

What is the function of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells? WHAT SYSTEM are they apart of

1) Surface Receptors * transmembrane proteins that specifically bind to ligand * binding -> change in receptor->signal received-> triggers chemotaxis Function: allow cells to sense and respond to external signals 2) Adhesion molecules * when phagocytic cells in blood are needed in tissues endothelial cells that line the blood vessels produce adhesion molecules that bind to the passing phagocytes -> binding slows rapidly moving phagocytes allowing them to leave bloodstream and reach site of infection Function: on surface molecules on cells that allow them to "grab" other cells 3) Cytokines trigger different cellular responses/processes *act at low conc. have local vs systematic effects *can act together or in a sequence Function: can trigger different cellular responses/processes Pathogenesis ▪ To establish an infection, a pathogen must... Activated B cells proliferate and differentiate into _____ Activated B cells undergo.... Plasma cells normally secrete... What is fever and what is the function of the pyrogens? Benefits of fever? Cells of the immune system communicate or send signals to other components of the immune system through....

Cells of the immune system communicate or send signals to other components of the immune system through....

I. PPRs detect microbial components called MAMPs MAMPs/PAMPS include Cell wall associated compounds (peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins) ▪ Flagellin subunits or ▪ Microbial nucleic acid Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) allow for detection of microbial invasion Response to antigens varies depending on the type: Proteins generally elicit a _____ response lipids a _____ response What is the difference between a primary pathogen and an opportunistic pathogen? What is the role of the normal microbiota?

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) allow for detection of microbial invasion

TLRs *anchored in membrane of sentinel cells *detect MAMPs a) cytoplasmic membranes [extracellular] b) Lumen of phagosomes NLRs *cytoplasmic proteins *detect MAMPs & DAMPs RIG-like receptors *cytoplasmic proteins What is a crisis of fever? BCRs, TCRs, and MHC molecules Toll-like receptor NOD-like receptors RIG-like receptors Factors that affect the outcome of transmission include:

Toll-like receptor NOD-like receptors RIG-like receptors

INF IS ACTIVATED/EVERYTHIG IS DETECTED FROM THE LONG dsRNA PRODUCED FROM VIRAL REPLICATION 1. Detect Viral RNA promotes antiviral state through INF 2. Interferons cause neighboring cells to express iAVP 3. iAVP activated by infection, leading to apoptosis outcome apoptosis of infected cell Competitive exclusion of pathogens by the normal microbiota contributes to defense mechanisms of the human body. Name some examples Outline the general characteristics of adaptive immunity What are the two basic strategies of adaptive immune response Surveillance of infectious diseases by RIG-like receptors and the interferon response against viruses (steps) what is the outcome of an interferon response?

RIG-like receptors and the interferon response against viruses (steps) what is the outcome of an interferon response?

When the pain assessment scale shows a drop in number, what does it indicate about the medication? That the patient is not responding That the medication is ineffective That the dosage is too high That the medication is effective

That the medication is effective

Where in the body can you take temperature readings, and what are the typical temperatures for each location? Oral=97.6, Axillary=98.6, Rectal=98.6, Aural=99.6 Oral=98.6, Axillary=97.6, Rectal=99.6, Aural=98.6 Oral=98.6, Axillary=99.6, Rectal=97.6, Aural=98.6 Oral=99.6, Axillary=98.6, Rectal=97.6, Aural=98.6

Oral=98.6, Axillary=97.6, Rectal=99.6, Aural=98.6

What is the best position to place a patient in shock to improve blood flow? On the back with the wound above the heart Sitting upright Standing up Lying on the side

On the back with the wound above the heart

What does blood pressure indicate about the heart's function? Indicates the blood sugar level Indicates the cholesterol level Indicates how hard the heart is beating to distribute the blood Indicates the oxygen level in the blood

Indicates how hard the heart is beating to distribute the blood

What does the term 'diastolic' refer to in the context of heart function? The blood volume The relaxing phase of the heart The heart rate The working phase of the heart

The relaxing phase of the heart

What are the common symptoms of a urinary tract infection (U.T.I)? Fever, headache, and nausea Cough, sore throat, and fatigue Rash, itching, and swelling Color, burning, and incontinence

Color, burning, and incontinence

In the GTPAL system, what does 'T' stand for? Terminations Twin pregnancies Total pregnancies Term pregnancies (37 weeks or later)

Term pregnancies (37 weeks or later)

Why do clotting factors increase during pregnancy? To decrease blood pressure To prevent hemorrhage but increase risks of DVT To enhance oxygen delivery To reduce the risk of infections

To prevent hemorrhage but increase risks of DVT

What happens to RBC masses during pregnancy? Remain constant Increase with plasma portion much faster, leading to physiological anemia Decrease significantly Increase at the same rate as plasma

Increase with plasma portion much faster, leading to physiological anemia

What is supine hypotension and why is it a concern in pregnancy? Decreased blood flow due to position Increased blood pressure when lying down Causes excessive fetal movement Heart rate decreases significantly

Decreased blood flow due to position

How does progesterone affect blood pressure during pregnancy? Blood pressure fluctuates frequently Blood pressure decreases slightly Blood pressure increases significantly Blood pressure remains unchanged

Blood pressure remains unchanged

Which of the following are considered major classes of nutrients? Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, proteins Vitamins, minerals, water, enzymes Water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals Proteins, lipids, enzymes, hormones

Water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals

Where are carbohydrates found, and how much is needed for cellular work and structural components? Vitamins and minerals; required in trace amounts Proteins and fats; required in minimal amounts Sugars and starch; required in greater amounts than any other nutrient Water and fiber; required in moderate amounts

Sugars and starch; required in greater amounts than any other nutrient

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