For each of the following situations, determine the deduction concepts involved, and explain how they form the basis for the tax treatment described:

a. Individuals are allowed to deduct medical expenses.

b. Happy Burgers, Inc., owns a chain of drive-in restaurants in California. Seeking to expand its operations, Happy spends $90,000 investigating locations in Oregon. Happy decides that expanding into Oregon is not a wise move, but it is allowed to deduct the $90,000.

c. Lage's Licorice Company suffers a fire in one of its warehouses. Equipment that cost $40,000 and that had been depreciated $15,000 is destroyed. The equipment, which cost $50,000 to replace, is uninsured. Lage is allowed to deduct a loss of $25,000 on the equipment.

d. While Ray is out to dinner one night, someone breaks into his personal car. The thief steals his stereo and his golf clubs. The fair market value of the items stolen is $300. Because he has a $500 deductible on his insurance policy, he receives no reimbursement from his auto insurance. To make matters worse, no tax deduction for his loss is allowed.