How does each of the following transactions (by itself) affect Japan's M2 money supply, monetary base, and M2 money multiplier?
a. BoJ, which is Japan's central bank, sells U.S. dollars (i.e., buys yen) to increase the value of the yen.
b. Japan's Finance Ministry borrows ¥10 billion by issuing bonds.
c. Lower interest rates cause the public to keep more of their deposits in checking accounts and less in savings accounts and time deposits.
d. Japanese residents increase their holdings of currency relative to checking accounts.
e. BoJ engages in open market sales of Japanese government securities.
f. BoJ increases the required reserve ratio on checking accounts.
g. BoJ lowers the discount rate, and banks respond enthusiastically by borrowing more.
h. Japanese banks increase their borrowing in the interbank market.