Human Factors (March 2014) published a study that examined the effect of shared leadership by the cockpit and cabin crews of a commercial airplane. Simulated flights were taken by 84 six-person crews, where each crew consisted of a two person cockpit (captain and first officer) and a four-person cabin team (three flight attendants and a purser.) During the simulation, smoke appeared in the cabin and the reactions of the crew were monitored for teamwork. Each crew was rated as working either successfully or unsuccessfully as a team. Also, each individual member was evaluated for leadership (measured as number of leadership functions exhibited per minute). The mean leadership values for successful and unsuccessful teams were compared. A summary of the test results for both captains and lead flight attendants is displayed in the table.

a. Consider the data for captains. Interpret the p-value for testing (at a = .05) whether the mean leadership values for captains from successful and unsuccessful teams differ.
b. Consider the data for flight attendants. Interpret the p-value for testing (at a = .05) whether the mean leadership values for flight attendants from successful and unsuccessful teams differ.

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Unsuccessful Teams (n = 24) Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. t-value p-value .50 Successful Teams (n = 60) 3.72 Captain Flight Att. .40 .66 .000 .10 .20 .39 .907 .24 .13 .13 0.12